| Term | Definition |
| Concert of Europe | a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions |
| Holy Alliance | a league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna |
| reform | change |
| liberalism | liberal views or opinions; belief in progress and reforms |
| conservatism | the diposition to keep things as they are; opposition to change |
| radicalism | principles or practices of radicals; extreme views |
| nationalism | the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation |
| nation-state | an independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity |
| militarism | a policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war |
| kaiser | a German emperor (from the Roman title Caesar) |
| emancipation | release; setting free from slavery of any kind |
| abolitionism | a movement to end slavery |
| secede | to withdraw formally from an association or alliance |
| principle of intervention | the idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitiment government |
| universal male suffrage | the right of all males to vote in elections |
| realpolitik | "the politics of reality"-politics based on practical matters rather than theory |
| democracy | all people have the right to vote |
| republic | leaders are elected to represent the public |
| multinational state | more than one nationality under one ruler |