Stokes Microbiology Ch 4 (Eukaryotic)
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26 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 microtubles, ring, 9 + 2 array | Eukaryotic flagella and cilia are anchored to the plasma membrane by a basal body and consist of nine pairs of ________ arranged in a _____, plus another two in the center, all of which is called a ________. |
| microtubles | long, hollow tubes made up of a "tubulin" protein; compared to the prokaryotic flagellum's rotation, eukaryotes's flagellum moves in a wavelike manner; *cilia* move substances along the surface of the cells |
| cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan | most *algae* cell walls are made up of _____, most *fungi* are made of ______, and yeast cell walls are made of ______ and ______. *animal* cells do not have a cell wall; *protozoa* have *pellicles* instead. |
| glycocalyx (eukaryotic) | a viscous, gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell's plasma membrane (ex/ in animal cells); made of sticky carbohydrates (which can make *glycoproteins* and *glycolipids* that anchor this to the cell); strengthens the cell surface, cell-cell recognition, helps attach cells together |
| peptidoglycan | Eukaryote cells do not contain ________, the framework of the prokaryotic cell wall, which is *why antibiotics do not affect human eukaryotic cells*. |
| (glycocalyx) carbohydrates, sterols | Eukaryotic plasma membranes are similar in function and structure to prokaryotic ones, but euk. plas-membranes also contain ____ (bacterial attachment sites and cell-cell recognition receptor sites) and ____ (complex lipids that resist lysis) |
| group translocation, endocytosis | this type of transport does not happen across eukaryotic plasma membranes, but instead can use _______ (the process by which a segment of the plasma membrane surrounds, encloses, and brings a particle into the cell) |
| phagocytosis, pinocytosis | two types of *endocytosis* 1. ____ - cellular projections ("psuedopods") engulf particles and bring them into the cell (ex/ white blood cells); 2. ____ - plasma membrane folds inward, bringing in extracellular fluid and what's dissolved (ex/ viruses) |
| cytoplasm | in a eukaryotic cell, everything inside the plamsa membrane and outside the nucleus (*cytosol*: the fluid portion); a more complex internal structure (cytoskeleton) than in the prokaryote; |
| cytoskeleton | microfilaments, intermediate filaments (small rods), and microtubules that provide support and movement for eukaryotic cytoplasm |
| cytoplasmic streaming | the movement of cytoplasm throughout eukaryotic cells to help distribute nutrients |
| organelles | important enzymes found in the cytoplasmic fluid of prokaryotes are found in the ____ of eukaryotes |
| 80S, free, membrane-bound | eukaryotic ribosomes function same as prokaryotic ribosomes (protein synthesis) but are larger/denser; the eukaryotic kind: _____ (small 40S subunit w/ 1 rRNA + larger 60S subunit w/ 3 rRNA); if unattached: _____, if attached to ER and nuclear membrane: ______ |
| organelle | a membrane-enclosed structure within eukaryotic cells |
| nucleus | usually the largest structure in an eukaryotic cell, contains almost all of the DNA (genetic material/chromosomes); surrounded by *nuclear envelope* (has *nuclear pores* for cytoplasm communication, *nucleoli* for rRNA synthesis); includes *histones* (proteins not in prokaryotes) |
| ER (endoplasmic reticulum) | an extensive network of *cisterns* (flattened membranous sacs) in eukaryotic cells; connecting the plasma membrane with the nuclear membrane (continuous) |
| rough, smooth | two kinds of ER: 1. ___ ER: has ribsomes, processing/sorting/protein synthesis 2. ___ ER: unique enzymes; lipid/fat/steroids synthesis, inactivates and detoxifies drugs |
| golgi complex | an cuplike-shaped organelle involved in the secretion of certain proteins; 3-20 cisterns stacked; membrane formation and secretion, modification of proteins to form glycoproteins/glycolipids/lipoproteins |
| vesicle | part of the membrane that buds out to either *transport* (fuse with a golgi cistern), *transfer* (modify proteins, move between cisterns), *secrete* (detrach from cistern, deliver proteins to plasma membrane for exocytosis), or *store* |
| lysosome | an organelle containing digestive enzymes; formed from golgi; single-membrane enclosed, lack internal structure, contain many powerful digestive enzymes for various molecules and bacteria! (ex/ white blood cells have many) |
| vacuole | a space/cavity in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that is enclosed by a "tonoplast" (plasma membrane); from golgi; stores temporarily, brings food into cells, provides support |
| mitochondria | organelles in most eukaryotic cells; double membrane (inner membrane in folds/*cristae*); center: *matrix*; cellular respiration, main site for energy production (ATP); contain 70S ribosomes and own DNA, can increase/divide on their own |
| chloroplasts | organelle in algae/green plants; has membrane; contains *grana* (stacks of *thlyakoids*: flat membrane sacs) with pigment chlorophyll; contains 70S ribosomes and own DNA; can increase/divide on their own; performs *photosynthesis* |
| peroxisome | organelle that oxidizes amino acids, fatty acids, alcohol; by-product is H2O2 but enzyme "catalase" destroys it |
| centrosome | region in a euk cell consisting of a pericentriolar area (protein fibers) and a pair of *centrioles* (9+0 array: 9 clusters of 3 microtubules); involved in the formation of the mitotic spindle |
| endosymbiotic theory | explanation of the origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes (Lynn Margulis); larger bacterial cells lost walls and engulfed smaller bacterial cells (ex/ chromosome) (it lives within it); evidence: mitochondria/chloroplasts resemble bacteria, circular DNA, can reproduce independently, ribosomes resemble, same antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis |
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