14- Inflammation
About this set
Created by:
heglea Plus on July 5, 2012
Subjects:
Description:
Exam 2
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
95 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is inflammation? | reaction of vascularized living tissues to injury |
| What are the characteristics of inflammation? | - involves changes in vascular bed, blood, connective tissue - intended to eliminate irritant and repair damaged tissue |
| What are the signs of inflammation? | redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function |
| What is the purpose of inflammation? | - contain and isolate an injury - destroy invading microorganisms anr/or inactivate toxins - acheive healing and repair |
| What are the 3 outcomes of inflammation? | - ideal conditions return to normal - intense inflammatory response in an attempt to separate the injured tissue - failure to eliminate cause of inflammation |
| What is scar tissue a consequence of? | a lot of inflammation and repair |
| What happens in ideal inflammatory reactions? | - elimination of the source of injury - resolution of inflammatory process - restoration of normal tissue architecture and physiologic functions |
| What occurs in an intense inflammatory response? | the body attemps to isolate the inflammatory process by a formation of a wall/capsule |
| What happens if there is failure to eliminate the causative agent? | - persistence of inflammatory cells and formation of scar tissue |
| What kind of tissue does inflammation occur in? | only in living tissue |
| What is the result of anaphylaxis? | it is more harmful than the initial stimulus |
| How do you classify inflammation? | - extent - duration - distribution - type of exudate - tissue/organ affected |
| what does a granulomatous exudate mean? | in chronic inflammation |
| What does duration have to do with clinical signs? | nothing |
| What are the duration classifications of inflammation? | - peracute - acute - subacute - chronic |
| what are the main characteristics of peracute inflammation? | - caused by a potent stimulus - the animal has no time to respind - less common |
| What is the duration of peracute inflammation? | 0-4 hours |
| What are the clinical signs of peracute inflammation? | shock and sudden death |
| What is the vascular involvement of peracute inflammation? | - hyperemia - slight edema - minimal hemorrhage |
| What are the inflammatory cells seen in peracute inflammation? | - not numerous - few leukocytes |
| What is the duration of acute inflammation? | begins within 4-6 hours |
| What is the vascular involvement in acute inflammation? | - active hyperemia - edema - occasional fibrin thrombi within vessels |
| what are the predominant cells in acute inflammation? | neutrophils, sometimes with lymphocytes and plasma cells |
| What are the clinical signs of acute inflammation? | - calor, rubor, tumor, dolor, and loss of function |
| What is the lymphatics role in acute inflammation? | moving away the exudate - can lead to acute regional lymphadentitis |
| What is inflammation of the lymphatics? | lymphangitis |
| What is inflammation of the lymphnodes? | lymphadenitis |
| What is the problem with lymphadenopathy? | do not know if the inc. in size is due to inflammation or neoplasia |
| What is subacute inflammation? | defined as a gradual change between acute and chronic - is used with the inflammatory response does not include reparative responses such as fibroplasia and angiogenesis |
| What is the duration of subacute inflammation? | a few days to a few weeks |
| What is the vascular involvement in subacute inflammation? | - decline in magnitude of the vascular changes - less hemorrhage, hyperemia, and edema |
| What are the cells of subacute inflammation? | neutrophilic with lymphocytes macrophages and plasma cells |
| What is chronic inflammation? | result of persistent inflammatory stimulus in which the host has failed to completely eliminate the causative agent |
| What is chronic inflammation usually accompanied by? | immune response |
| What is chronic inflammation characterized by? | repair: - fibrosis - parenchymal regeneration |
| What is the vascular involvement in chronic inflammation? | chracterized by proliferation of cappilaries and small blood vessels resulting in hemorrhage and congestion |
| What are the predominant cells in chronic inflammation? | lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and fibroblasts |
| What are the clinical signs of chronic inflammation? | prolonged duration of an inflammatory process |
| What is chronic active inflammation? | chronic inflammation may be accompanied by acute exacerbation in which the tissues exhibit all of the usual characteristics of chronicity, with features of acuteness superimposed |
| What is the duration of chronic active inflammation? | long period with exacerbations |
| what are the cells present in chronic active inflammation? | neutrophils, inflammatory cells associated with chronic inflammation, and host responses such as fibroplasia and angiogenesis |
| What is focal inflammation? | single abnormality or inflamed area within a tissue |
| What is keratitis? | inflammation of the cornea |
| What is multifocal inflammation? | arising from or pertaining to many foci |
| What is locally extensive inflammation? | involves a considerable zone of tissue within an inflamed organ |
| In lungs how does inflammation present when bacteria come from the blood? | multifocal or diffuse |
| In lungs, how does inflammation present when bacteria comes from the air? | locally extensive |
| what is diffuse inflammation? | the entire tissue is involved |
| What etiologies normally cause diffuse lesions? | viral or toxicity |
| What are common types of exudate in inflammation? | -serous - suppurative - fibrinous |
| What is exudation? | escape of fluid, proteins and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitium or body cavities |
| What is exudate? | inflammatory extravascular fluid that has a high protein conc., much cellular devris, and a specific gravity above 1.020 |
| What is a transudate? | an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma and results from hydrostatic imbalances across the vascular endothelium - low protein content - specific gravity less than 1.020 |
| What is an example of a transudate? | hydrothorax |
| What is an example of a exudate? | pyothorax |
| What is edema? | an excess of fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities - can be an exudate or transudate |
| What kind of edema is inflammatory edema? | exudate |
| What is serous exudation? | inflammatory process in which the outpouring of thin fluid, originating from plasma or secretions of mesothelial cells, occurs in tissues in the absence of a prominent cellular response |
| What is an example of serous exudation? | blisters caused by heat or trauma |
| What is the gross appearance of serous exudate? | yellow, straw-like color, fluid commonly seen in very ealy stages of inflammation - thin and watery - ulceration will follow the rupture of a vesicle |
| What is erosion? | a lesion in which the epithelial surface is denuded above the basement membrane |
| What is an ulcer? | a local defect of the surface of an organ or tissue in which the epithelial surface is denuded beyond the basement membrane |
| What is an epidermal erosion? | moist, circumscribed, usually depressed lesion due to loss of all or part of the epidermis. Is shallow and does not penetrate into the dermis |
| What do epidermal erosions often result from? | eruptions of vesicles and bullae |
| What is a skin ulcer? | a circumscribed area of skin loss extending through the epidermis and at least part of the dermis |
| What is a vesicle? | - blister - a sharply circumscribed, elevated lesion that is less than 5mm in diameter containing serous fluid |
| What is fibrinous exudation? | severe injury to endothelium and basement membranes results in leakage of large plasma proteins including fibrinogen, which polymerizes perivascularly as fibrin |
| What is the gross appearance of fibrinous inflammation? | yellow-white, or pale tan, stringy, shaggy meshwork which gives a rough irregular appearance to the tissue surfaces - friable material peels off easily |
| What is the duration of fibrinous inflammation? | - acute process, can form in seconds |
| What is suppurative exudation? | cosisting of or containg pus, assosiated with the formation of pus |
| What is pus? | a liquid inflammation product composed of: - accumulated dead cells - variable numbers of viable cells (neutrophils) - fluid added by the inflammatory edema-forming process |
| If fluid is prominent, what will the necrosis be classified as? | liquefactive |
| What is suppuration? | the process by which pus is formed - implies that neutrophils and proteolytic enzymes are present and the necrosis of host tissue cells has occured |
| What is an abscess? | is a circumscribed (partially walled off) collection of pus. A localized form of suppurative inflammation |
| What are suppurative lesions often caused by? | bacteria |
| What is the gross appearance of an abscess? | is yellow-white to gray-white and varies from watery to viscous depending on the fluid content |
| What is osteomyelitis? | inflammation of the bone and bone marrow |
| What is fibrinopurulent exudate? | used to classify an inflammatory process in which neutrophils and fibrin are abundant |
| What is the duration of granulomatous inflammation? | always is chronic |
| What is granulomatous inflammation? | an inflammatory response characterized by the presence of lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells with the predominant cell being the macrophage |
| What is a granuloma? | macrophages are clustered on a characeristic elliptical formation around the causative etiologic agent, or around a central necrotic area, or simply as organized nodules |
| What type of cell besides macrophages are characteristic of granulomas? | multinucleated giant cells |
| What is the etiology of granulomatous inflammation? | usually some non-digestible organism or particle which serves as a chronic inflammatory stimulus, and induces delayed- type hypersensitivity |
| What microorganisms cause granulomatous inflammation? | mycobacterium, actinomyces, blastomyces, coccidioides |
| What are some noninfectious agents that cause granulomatous inflammation? | mineral oil. complex polysaccharides, foreign bodies |
| What is necrotizing inflammation? | necrosis is the main feature and exudation is minimal |
| What is hemorrhagic inflammation? | inflammation in which the main feature is hemorrhage |
| What is mucopurulent or catarrhal inflammation? | the inflammatory exudate is composed of mucus and pus |
| What are polymorphonuclear leukocytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells |
| What are mononuclear cells? | lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes, macrophages, and platelets |
| how long does it take for a neutrophil to mature in the bone marrow? | 2 weeks |
| What is the purpose of neutrophils? | to eliminate microorganisms, tumor cells, and foreign material |
| When are eosinophils most abundant? | in diseases of immunologic, parasitic, or allergic origin |
| What is major basic protein? | component of eosinophil granules - is strongly toxic to parasites as well as other kinds of cells |
| What is the life span of a macrophage? | 30-60 days |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.