APHG Chpt.6 Religion
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Historygrl14 Plus on July 7, 2012
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Miss M's Cpt. 6 terms - combo of Rubenstien, deBlij, and various study prep books
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. |
| Autonomous Religion | A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally. |
| Branch | A large and fundamental division within a religion |
| Caste or Caste System | The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law. |
| Cosmogony | A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe. |
| Denomination | A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body. |
| Diocese | The basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church |
| Ethnic Religion | A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated. |
| Fundamentalism | literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion |
| Ghetto | a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions |
| Hierarchical Religion | A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control. |
| Missionary | An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion. |
| Monotheism | belief in only one god |
| Pagan | A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times. |
| Pilgrimage | A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes. |
| Polytheism | belief in or worship of more than one god |
| Sect | A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination |
| Solstice | time when the Sun is farthest from the equator |
| Universalizing Religion | A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location. |
| Secularism | The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife. A secular state is the opposite of a theocracy. |
| Hinduism | one of the oldest religions in the modern world, dating back over 4000 years, and originating in the Indus River Valley of what is today part of Pakistan (unique among the world's religions in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins |
| Buddhism | Religion founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal. Buddhism splintered from Hinduism as a reaction to the strict social hierarchy maintained by Hinduism. |
| Shintoism | Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship. |
| Taoism | religion believed to have been founded by Lao-Tsu and based upon his book entitled "Tao-te-ching," or "Book of the Way." Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature |
| Feng Shui | literally means "wind water"; Chinese art and science of placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, cities. Structures and objects are positioned in a way (often in line with the compass lines) to channel flows of energy in favorable ways. It is not an official religion. |
| Confucianism | A philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture |
| Judaism | Religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one god. According to Jewish teaching, Abraham and God have a covenant in which the Jews agree to worship only one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews. |
| Diaspora | A Greek word meaning 'dispersal,' used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, were spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in by the Romans. |
| Zionism | The movement to unite the Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land |
| Christianity | religion based on the teachings of Jesus (according to Christian teaching, Jesus is the son of G-d, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to G-d's plan) |
| Eastern Orthodox Church | one of the three major branches of christianity, the eastern orthodox church, together with the roman catholic church, a second of the three major branches of christianity, arose out of the roman empire by empereor diocletian into four governemtal regions: two western regions centered in rome and two eastern regions centered in constantinople |
| Roman Catholic Church | one of the three major branches of Christianity, the Roman Catholic Church, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions; two western regions centered in Rome, and two eastern regions centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). In 1054 CE Christianity was divided along that same line when the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople; and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split. |
| Protestant | One of the three major branches of Christianity (together with the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church). Following the widespread societal changes in Europe starting in the 1300s CD, many adherents to the Roman Catholic Church began to question the role of religion in their lives and opened the door to the Protestant Reformation wherein John Huss, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others challenged many of the fundamental teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. |
| Islam | the youngest of the major world religions, Islam is based on the teachings of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE (according to Islamic teaching, Muhammad received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations during which Muhammad spoke the verses of the Qu'ran, the Islamic holy book |
| Sunni | Adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems, and they differ from the Shiites in accepting the traditions (sunna) of Muhammad as authoritative. |
| Shi'ite | Adherents of one of the two main divisions of Islam, They represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali. |
| Indigenous Religions | Belief systems and philosophies practiced and traditionally passed from generation to generation among peoples within an indigenous tribe or group |
| Shamanism | Community faith in traditional societies in which people follow their shaman - a religious leader, teacher, healer, and visionary. At times, an especially strong shaman might attract a regional following. However, most shamans remain local figures. |
| Sacred Sites | place or space people infuse with religious meaning |
| Minarets | Tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to prayer. |
| Hajj | the pilgrimage to Mecca, which every adult Muslim is supposed to make at least once in his or her lifetime: the fifth of the Pillars of Islam. |
| Five Pillars of Islam | behaviors and obligations that are common to all Muslims, which include the profession of faith, the performance of five daily prayers, the giving of alms, the requirement to fast, and the journey to Mecca, or Hajj |
| Interfaith Boundaries | boundaries between the world's major faiths |
| Intrafaith Boundaries | boundaries within a single major faith |
| Ethnic Cleansing | The systematic attempt to remove all people of a particular ethnicity from a country or region either by forced migration or genocide. |
| Religious Extremism | religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence |
| Shari'a laws | the system of Islamic law, sometimes called Qu'ranic law; unlike most Western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, Shari'a is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran |
| Jihad | a doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up the religious standards set by the Qu'ran. |
| Baha'i | a religion emphasizing the unity of all religions and peoples, teaching that all founders of the world's religions have been God's divine messengers |
| Daoism | Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature. Emphasized teh mystical and magical aspects of life. |
| Mahayana | "the Great Vehicle" - The largest of Buddhism's three divisions, prevalent in China, Japan and Korea, encompasses a variety of forms, including those that emphasize devotion and prayer to the Buddhas and bodhisattvas. |
| Sikhism | Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. (p. 538). |
| Tantrayana | branch of Buddhism; about 6% of Buddhists are part of this branch; "Vehicle of the Text;" has an emphasis on magic as well as different meditation techniques; found primarily in Tibet and Mongolia |
| Theraveda | "the way of the elders"; focuses on the earliest texts and emphasizes monastic lifestyle |
| parish | area in the care of a single priest and served by one main church |
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