Metabolism Terms
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 ATP | main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| Carbohydrates | compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body |
| Lipids | energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Proteins | nutrients that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Vitamin A | fat soluble, helps with skin/ vision and reproduction & makes white blood cells, sources= dairy, liver, dark fruits and vegies |
| Vitamin D | fat soluble. the sunshine vitamin; helps your body absorb calcium to build strong bones |
| Vitamin E | fat soluble. that is essential for normal reproduction. important antioxidant |
| Vitamin K | fat soluble. helps in the clotting of blood |
| Vitamin C | water soluble. acts as the glue that holds cells together; strengths blood vessel walls; helps wounds heal; helps bones grow; strengthens resistance to infection but does not cure colds; an antioxidant |
| Vitamin B1 | water soluble, thiamin. essential for normal carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Cannot be stored in the body |
| Vitamin B2 | water soluble. riboflavin. that prevents skin lesions and weight loss |
| Vitamin B3 | water soluble. Niacin, required for synthesis of essential coenzymes involved in energy metabolism. helps release energy from nutrients |
| Vitamin B6 | water soluble. needed in protein metabolism. Its three water soluble. active forms are pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. required to produce antibodies |
| Vitamin B5 | water-soluble vitamin required in making steroid hormones and neurotransmitters. pantothenic acid |
| Vitamin B12 | water soluble. also called cobalamin, key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood. affects DNA synthesis and regulation |
| Biotin | water soluble. B7 vitamin; a coenzyme necessary for fat synthesis and other metabolic reactions |
| Folic Acid | water soluble. B9 vitamin that is essential for cell growth and reproduction |
| Minerals | substances that the body cannot manufacture but that are needed for forming healthy bones and teeth and regulating many vital body processes |
| Metabolism | All chemical reactions in the body through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes |
| Anabolism | The process that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds, thus requiring energy. endergonic - consume more energy than they produce |
| Catabolism | The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks. |
| Cellular Respiration | the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food |
| Glycolysis | first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid |
| Acetyl CoA | the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. |
| Krebs Cycle | in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy |
| Electron Transport Chain | sequence of electron carrier molecules that transfer electrons and release energy during cellular respiration |
| Glycogenesis | the conversion of glucose to glycogen when the glucose in the blood exceeds the demand |
| Glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| Gluconeogenesis | generation of glucose from non-sugar carbon substrates like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids The vast majority takes place in the liver and, to a smaller extent, in the cortex of kidney. This process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, or intense exercise and is highly endergonic |
| Lipogenesis | creation of triglycerides (fat-- fatty acids and glycerol) - move out of bloodstream to store in adipose tissue |
| Lipolysis | breakdown of triglycerides |
| Transamination | the process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another in order to manufacture a new amino acid |
| Cholesterol | A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. |
| HDL | good cholesterol, carrier protein that carries cholesterol from body to liver for processing and elimination |
| LDL | carrier system for saturated fat. Levels in blood should be LOW. High blood concentrations are predictors for fatal heart attack or stroke -- the higher the LDL, the earlier the episode is expected to occur. |
| VLDL | carries triglycerides. Made when the liver can't make enough HDL and LDL. Can also mean a compromised liver. |
| BMR | amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environoment |
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