| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Beta-lactams | Altered transpeptidases; reduced permeability; beta-lactamases (hydrolysis) |
| Fluoroquinolones | Altered gyrase or topo IV; reduced permeability |
| Aminoglycosides | Altered binding by ribosome; modifying enzymes (phosphorylate, acetylate, adenylate), reduced permeability; modifying enzymes are most common |
| Macrolides | Methylating enzymes |
| Chloramphenicol | Acetyltransferases |
| Tetracyclines | Efflux pumping (most common); altered binding by ribosomes |
| Rifampin | Altered RNA polymerase |
| Folate inhibitors (TMP/SMX) | Altered targets/bypass; reduced permeability |
| Glycopeptides (Vancomycin) | Altered targets; metabolic bypass (most common) -- genes on a transposon encode proteins that make an altered cell wall with D-lactate or D-serine instead of D-alanine |
| Macrolides | Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin |
| Sulfa/Trimethoprim | metabolic bypass is most common as new enzymes are provided that are resistant to these drugs; sometimes listed as target site modification, but sensitive enzymes are still there, so Fennewald prefers to call it bypass |
| Aminoglycosides | Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Tobramycin |
Combine with other sets
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