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Succession is the concept that communities proceed through a series of recognizable, predictable changes in structure overtime climax community is a relatively stable, long-lasting community that is the result of succession Primary succession is a secessional progression that begins with a total lack of organisms and bare mineral surfaces or water Secondary succession is a successional progression that begins with the destruction or disturbance of an existing ecosystem pioneer community First integrated set of plants, animals, and decomposers found in an area undergoing primary ecological succession. successional stage or seral stage Each step in this process from pioneer community to climax community sere the entire sequence of stages -from pioneer community to climax community Biomass are terrestrial climax communities with wide geographic distribution Deserts are areas that general average of less than 25 cm (10 inches) of precipitation per year Temperate grasslands also known as prairies or steppes are widely distributed over temperate parts of the world Savannas are found in tropical parts of Africa South America and Australia and are characterized by extensive grasslands spotted with occasional trees or patches of tree Mediterranean shrublands are located near oceans and are dominated by shrubby plants tropical dry forest is another biome that is heavily influenced by seasonal rainfall Temperate deciduous forests have a winter-summer change of seasons and have trees that lose their leaves during the winter and replace them the following spring Temperate rainforests xists in the coastal areas of Northern California, Oregon,Washington,British Columbia and southern Alaska. New Zealand and the southwest coast of Chile also have temperate rainforests Throughout the southern half of Canada, parts of northern Europe, and much of Russia, there is an evergreen coniferous forest known as the taiga, northern coniferous forest, or boreal forest. Tundra an extremely cold region Frozen soil layer is known as permafrost alpine tundra Scattered patches of tundralike like communities also are found on mountaintops throughout the world pelagic organisms/ecosystem Organisms that are not attached to the bottom are called pelagic organisms, and the ecosystem they are a part of is called a pelagic ecosystem plankton aquatic organisms that are so small and weakly swimming that they are simply carried by currents pelagic ecosystem Some planktonic organisms, known as phytoplankton, carry on photosynthesis and are the base of the food web Zooplankton are small, floating or weakly swimming protozoa and animals of many kinds that feed on the phytoplankton benthic organisms Organisms that live on the ocean bottom, whether attached or not benthic ecosystem The ecosystem of which they are part of it's Coral reef ecosystems are produced by the coral animals that build cup-shaped external skeletons around themselves Mangrove swamp ecosystems are tropical forest ecosystems that occupy shallow water near the shore and adjacent land Abyssal ecosystem is a benthic ecosystems that occurs at great depths in the ocean Estuary is a special category of aquatic ecosystem that consists of shallow, partially enclosed areas where freshwater enters the ocean emergent plants Some have leaves that float on the surface or protrude above the water submerge plants Rooted plants that stay submerged below the surface of the water littoral zone This region with rooted vegetation limnectic zone The portion of the lake that does not have rooted vegetation oligotrophic lakes Deep clear,cold, nutrient-poor lakes are low in productivity eutrophic lakes Shallow, murky, warm,nutrient-rich lakes biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) The amount I oxygen use by decomposers to break down a specific amount of organic matter periphyton The collection of attached algae, animals, and fungi Swamps are wetlands that contain trees that are able to live in places that are either permanently flooded or flooded for a major part of the year Marshes are wetlands that are dominated by grasses and reeds