| Term | Definition |
|---|
| mediation | peaceful third party intervention |
| intercultural communication | communicaiton that occurs in interactions between ppl who are culturally different |
| culture | learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaciors shared by a group of ppl |
| heterogeneous | diverse |
| border dwellers | ppl who live between cultures and often experience contracidtory cultural patterns |
| voluntary short-term travelers | ppl who are border dwellers by choice and for a limited time |
| voluntary long-term travelers | ppl who are border dwellers by choice and for an extended time; immigrants |
| involuntary short-term travelers | ppl who are border dwellers not by choice and only for a limited time |
| involuntary long-term travelers | ppl who are border dwellers not by choice and permanently |
| culture shock | a feeling of disoriendtation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar environmental cues |
| U-curve theory | a theory that individuals go through three predictable phases in adaptin to a new culture |
| encapsulated marginal people | ppl who feel disintegrated by having to shift cultures |
| constructive marginal people | ppl who thrice in a border-dweller life, while recognizing its tremendous challenges |
| cultural values | beliefs that are so central toa cultural group that they are nrever questioned |
| individualist orientation | a value oreientation that respects the autonomy and independence of individuals |
| collectivistic orientation | a calue orientation that stresses the needs of the group |
| preferred personality | a value orientation that expresses whether it is more important for a person to "do" or to "be" |
| view of human nature | a value orientation that expresses whether humans are fundamentally good, evil, or a mixture |
| human-nature value orientation | the perceived relationship between humans and nature |
| power distance | a value orientation that refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a culture expect and accept an unequal distribution of power |
| long-term versus short-term orientation | the dimension of a society's value orientation that reflects its attitude toward virtue or truth |
| short-term orientation | a value orientation that stresses the importance of possessing one fundamental truth |
| monotheistic | belief in one god |
| long-term orientation | a value orientation in which ppl stress the importance of virtue |
| polytheistic | belief in more than one god |
| dialectic approach | recognizes that things need not be perceived as either/or, bu may be seen as both/and |
| dichotomous thinking | thinking in which things are perceived as either/or |
| cocultural group | a significant minority group within a dominant majority group that does not share dominant group values or communication patterns |
| verbal communication | written or oral words we exchange, including pronunciation or accent, meanings, and variations in language |
| instrumental | use of language to obtain what you need or desire |
| regulatory | use of language to control or regulate the behaviors of others |
| informative | use of language to communicate info or report facts |
| heuristic | use of language to acquire knowledge and understanding |
| interactional | use of language to establish and define social relationships |
| personal language | use of language to express individuality and personaltiy |
| imaginative | use of language to express onself artistically or creatively |
| phonology | the study of the sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning |
| syntax | the rules that govern word order |
| semantics | the study of meaning |
| denotative meaning | the dictionary, or literal, meaning of a word |
| connotative meaning | the affective or interpretive meanings attached to a word |
| pragmatics | field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals |
| speech act theory | branch of pragmatics that suggests that when ppl communicate, they do not just say things, they also do things with their words |
| locutionary | describes what is said or the act of saying something |
| illocutionary | desccribes what one does with one's utterance, what the utterance accomplishes |
| perlocutionary | describes of the effect an utterance has |
| dialect | a variation of a language distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation |
| lexical choice | vocabulary |
| cohort effect | the influence of shard characteristics of a group that was born and reared in the same general period |
| ebonics | an american english dialect that some african americans speak |
| jargon | the specialized terms that develop in many professions |
| sensing | the stage of listening most ppl refer to as hearing, when listeners pick up the sound waves directed toward them |
| understanding | interpreting the messages associated with sounds or what the sounds mean |
| evaluating | assessing your reaction to a message |
| responding | showing others how you regard their message |
| nominalists | those who argue that any idea can be expresses in any language and that the structure and vocabulary of the language do not influence the speakers perception of the world |
| relativists | those who argue that language serves not only as a way for us to voice our ideas but is itslef the shaper of ideas, the guide for the individuals mental activity |
| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | idea that the language ppl speak determines the way they see the world |
| cocultural theory | explores the role of power in daily interactions |
| disconfirming communication | comments that reject or invalidate a positive self image of our conversational partners |
| confirming communication | comments that validate positive self-image of others |
| nonverbal behavior | all the nonverbal actions ppl perform |
| nonverbal communication | nonverbal behavior that has symbolic meaning |
| nonverbal codes | distinct, organized means of expression that consists of symbols and rules for their use |
| kinesics | a nonverbal communication sent by the body, including gestures, posture, movement, facial expressinos, and eye behavior |
| gestures | nonverbal communication made with part of the body, including actions such as pointing, waving or holding up a hand to direct ppls attention |
| illustrators | signals that accompany speech to clarify or emphasize the verbal meaning |
| emblems | gestures that stand for a specific verbal meaning |
| adaptors | gestures used to manage emotions |
| regulators | gestures used to control conversations |
| immediacy | how close or involved ppl appear to be with each other |
| relaxation | the degree of tension displayed by ones body |
| paralinguistics | all aspects of spoken language except the words themselves: including rate, volume, pitch, stress, etc. |
| voice qualities | qualities such as speed, pitch, rhythm, vocal range, and articulation that make up the music of the human voice |
| vocalizations | uttered sounds that do not have the structure of language |
| chromemics | the study of the way ppl use time as a message |
| proxemics | the study of how ppl use spatial cues, including interpersonal distance, territoriality, and other space relationships to communicate |
| monochronically | engaging in one task or behavior at a time |
| polychronically | engaging in multiple activities simultaneously |
| intimate distance | (0-18in) the space used when interacting with those with whom one is very close |
| personal distance | (18in-4ft) the space used when interacting with friends and acquaintances |
| social distance | (4ft-12ft) distance most US Americans use when they interact with unfamiliar others |
| public distance | (12ft-25ft) the most appropriate distance for public ceremonies such as lectures and performances |
| haptics | the study of the communicative function of touch |
| professional or functional touch | the least intimate type of touch; used by certain workers such as dentists, hairstylists, and hospice workers, as part of their livelihood |
| social-polite touch | touch that is part of daily interaction in the US, this is more intimate than professional touch but is still impersonal |
| friendship touch | touch that is more intimate than social touch and usually conveys warmth, closeness, and caring |
| love-intimate touch | the touch most often used with ones romantic partners and family |
| deman touching | a type of touch used to establish dominance and power |
| artifacts | clothing and other accessories |
| communicating information | using nonverbal behaviors to help clarify verbal messages and reveal attitudes and moods |
| regulating interaction | using nonverbal behaviors to help manage turn-taking during conversation |
| expressing and managing intimacy | using nonverbal behaciors to help convey attraction and closeness |
| establishing social control | using nonverbal behacior to exercise influence over other ppl |
| signaling service task functions | using nonverbal behavior to signal close involvement between ppl in impersonal relationships and contexts |
| congruent | verbal and nonverbal messages that express the same meaning |
| contradicting | verbal and nonverbal messages that send conflicting messages |
| proximity | how close one is to others |
| attractiveness | the appeal one person has for another, based on physical appearance, personalities and/or behavior |
| matching hypothesis | the tendency to develop relationships with ppl who are approximately as attractive as we are |
| similarity | degree to which ppl share the same values, interests and background |
| uncertainty reduction theory | a communication theory that argues much early interaction is dedicated to reducing uncertainty about others and determining if one wiches to interact with them again |
| stage models | models of relationship development that view relationships as occurring instages and that focus on what ppl do as relationships develop and decline |
| initiating | stage of romantic relational development in which both ppl behave so as to appear pleasant and likeable |
| experimenting | stage of romantic relational development in which both ppl seek to learn about each other |
| intensifying | stage of romantice relational development in which both ppl seek to increase intimacy and connectedness |
| integrating | stage of rromantic relational development in which both ppl portray themselves as a couple |
| bonding | stage of romantic relational development characterized by public commitment |
| differentiating | stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples increase their interpersonal distance |
| circumscribing | stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples discuss safe topics |
| stagnating | stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try to prevent change |
| avoiding | stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try not to interact with each other |
| terminating | stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples end the relationship |
| role-limited interaction | first stage in the Rawlins model of friendship formation in which interaction is based solely on specific social roles |
| friendly relations | the stage at which potential friends assess each other to determine common interests and values |
| moves toward friendship | moving beyond social roles and indicating a desire for a more personal relationship |
| nascent friendship | beginning friendship |
| stabilized friendship | friendship that lasts over time |
| waning friendship | friendship in decline or even ending |
| relational trajectory models | relationship developement models that focus on the cognitive aspects of relationships and tupically analyze how committed relational partners feel to one another |
| social penetration theory | a theory that assumes that as ppl communicate, they become more familiar with each other and become closer |
| whirlwind trajectory | pattern of relational development characterized by "love at first sight" and a rapid progression toward commitment |
| friendship first trajectory | pattern of relational development characterized by a gradual progression from friendship to romance |
| turning point model | a model of relationship development in which couples move both toward and away from commitment over the course of their relationship |
| autonomy/connection | a dialectical tension in relationships that refers to ones need to connect with others and the simultaneous need to feel independent or autonomous |
| expressiveness/privacy | a dialectical tension in relationships that descrives the need to be open and to self-disclose while also maintaining some sense of privacy |
| change/predictability | a dialectical tension in relationships that describes the human desire for events that are new, spontaneous, and unplanned while simultaneously needing some aspects of life to be stable and predictable |
| relational maintenance | behaviors that couples perform that help maintain their relationships |
| sudden death | the process by which relationships end without prior warning for at least one participant |
| passing away | the process by which relationships decline over time |
| withdrawal/avoidance | a friendship termination strategy in which the friends spend less time together, dont return phone calls, and avoid place where they are liekly to see each other |
| deception | concealment, distortion or lying in communication |
| truth bias | the tendency to not suspect ones intimates of deception |
| jealousy | a complex and often painful emotion that occurs when a person perceives a threat to an existing relationship |
| relational aggression | physical violence against a partner |
| sexual coercion | physically nonviolent pressure to engage in unwanted sex |
| homogeneity | a high degree of similarity |
| grouphate | the distaste and acersion that ppl feel toward working in groups |
| primary groups | groups that provide members with a sense of belonging and affection |
| secondary groups | groups that meet principally to solve problems |
| social facilitation | the tendency for ppl to work harder and do better when others are around |
| small group communication | communication among a small number of ppl who share a common purpose or goal, who feel connected to each other, and coordinate their behavior |
| group roles | the shared expectations group members have regarding each individuals communication behavior in the group |
| task roles | roles that are directly related to the accomplishment of group goals |
| relational roles | roles that help establish a groups social atmosphere |
| individual roles | roles that focus more on individuals own interest and needs that on those of the group |
| trait theory | leadership theory that suggests that leaders are born |
| functional (situational) theory | a theory that assumes leadership behaviors can be learned |
| style theory | theory that asserts that a leaders manner or style determines his or her success |
| authoritarian leader | leader who takes charge, makes all the decisions, and dictates strategies and work tasks |
| democratic leader | leader whose style is characterized by much input from group members |
| laissez-faire | a leadership style characterized by complete freedom for the group in making decisions |
| transformational leadership | a leadership style that empowers group members to work independently from the leader by encouraging group cohesion |
| charismatic leadership | a leadership style in which extremely self confident leaders inspire unusual dedication to themselves by relying upon their strong personalities and charm |
| analysis paralysis | potential pitfall in small group interaction: occurs when excessive analysis prevents a group from moving toward a solution |
| brainstorming | generating as many ideas as possible without critiquing them |
| decision-making process | the four-phase process used by a group to evaluate info and arrice as a decision or solution |
| primary tension | the uncertainty commonly felt in the beginning phase of decision making |
| secondary (recurring) tension | conflict or tension found in the second or conflict phase of the decision making process |
| emergence phase | the third phase of the decision making process: occurs when group members express a cooperative attitude |
| reinforcement phase | the final phase of the decision making process when group members reach consensus, and memvers feel a sense of accomplishmetn |
| groupthink | a negative and potentially disastrous group process characterized by excessive concurrence thinking |
| group processes | the methods including communication by which a group accomplishes a task |
Combine with other sets
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