BIO 211 (UNIT # 4) CH 28: Pregnancy and Human Development
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65 terms
Italian | English |
|---|---|
 morula | solid mass of blastomeres that forms when the zygote splits |
| blastocyst | stage in human embryonic development; fluid-filled ball of cells that implants in the endometrium |
| trophoblast | outer ring of cells in a blastocyst,they attach to the uterus |
| inner cell mass | clusters of cells that become the embryo inside the blostocyst |
| chorion | membrane that forms from the inner cell mass and an extraembryonic mesoderm or connective tissue regulates hormone activity in the uterus |
| gastrula | stage of embryonic development when the fluid filled ball pushes inward to form 2 cell layers |
| amnion | clear membrane surrounding the embryo thats filled with fluid |
| yolk sac | small pouch near the umbilical region, formed from hypoblast cells it forms blood cells and gonad cells |
| allantois | small pouch near the yolk sac, helps to form the umbilical cord |
| ectoderm | outer layer; it forms the nervous system and the skin |
| endoderm | inner layer that forms most of the organs |
| mesoderm | mid-layer; forms muscle and bone and all other tissue |
| Primary germ layer | Primitive tissues from which all body organs will derive |
| chloasma | in pigmentation of nose and cheeks due to increase in blood supply |
| morning sickness | nausea and vomiting caused by increased hormones |
| stress incontinence | uncontrollable urination |
| dypsnea | difficulty breathing, shortness of breath |
| dystocia | difficult childbirth |
| Apgar score | assement of infants physical status; based on HR, BR, color, muscle tone, and feflex...done w/i the first 5 minutes of birth, 8-10 is healthy |
| Stages of labor | Dilation, expulsion, placental stage |
| Ectopic | abnormal placed pregnancy out side of the uterus |
| Relaxin | Hormone produced by the placenta that causes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphissis to relax |
| Stages of pregnancy | Gestation -last menstrual period until birth , Conceptus-Fertilization plus 2wks, Embrionic- 3-8 wks Fetal Development- 9wks to birth |
| Acrosamal reaction | Enzyme digest Zona Pellucida |
| Fast Block | Membrane depolarization stops other sperms from fusing with the oocyte membrane |
| Slow block | Zip-zonal inhibiting destroys sperm recepters (causes other sperm bound to recepters to detach |
| HCG | (Human chorionic gonadtropin) SECRETED BY Trophoblast prompts the Corpus Luteum to continue to secret projesterone and estrogen |
| Hct | Human Chorionic thyrotropin- Hormone the placenta releases that increases the rate of maternal metabolism |
| Placenta | Provides Nutrients and removes wastes |
| Central acidosis | Carbon dioxide accumulated in babys blood that triggers the babys first breath |
| Prolactin | Released from the anterior pituitary gland , hormone that stimulates the breast to produce milk. |
| Lactation | Production of milk |
| Cholostrum | Collection of IgA antibodys,protein, vitamin A and minerals secreted prior to lactation |
| Oxytocin | Hormone relesed from posterior pituitary causes let down reflex(ejection of milk during nursing) , stimulates contraction of the uterus during child birth |
| Gestation Period | last menstual period until birth 280 days |
| conceptus | fertilization plus 2 wks |
| fetal development | 9wks to birth |
| most favored time for fertilization | 3 days before ovulation, no later than 24 hours after ovulation |
| capacitation | An incrase in the fragility of the membranes of sperm cells when exposed to the female reproductive tract. Capacitation is required sot aht the acrosomal enzymes can be relased to faciliate fertilization. |
| acrosomal reaction | The discharge of hydrolytic enzymes from the acrosome, a vesicle in the tip of a sperm, when the sperm approaches or contacts an egg |
| pro nuclei | two nuclei aproach each other and unite |
| Fertilization | The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote (pronuclei come together chromosomes replicate) |
| Implantation | The burrowing of a blastocyst (a developing embryo) into the endometrium of the uterus, typically occuring about a week after fertilizaiton. |
| encapsulating the oocyte | corona readiata, zona pellucida, extracellular mix |
| Decidua basalis | part of the endometrium that lies between the chorionic villi and the stratum basalis |
| amnion | membrane formed from epiblast cells |
| Parturition | culmination of pregnancy-giving birth to the baby |
| Dilation stage | time from labor's onset until cervix is fully dilated by the baby's head.(10cm) |
| expulsion | last from full dilation to the delivery of the infant |
| Placental Stage | delivery of the palcenta and its attached fetal membranes |
| Cleavage | period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth.produces a structure called a blastocyte. |
| morula | 72 hours after fertilization, a loose collection of cells form a |
| capacitation | the removal of the glycoprotein coat covering a sperm's acrosome; occurs in the uterine tube by the enzymes released by the follicle cells |
| Placenta | temporary organ that originates from embrionic and maternal (endometrial ) tissues |
| Placentation | third stage in the first trimester; formation of blood vessels and development of placenta |
| disc- shape placenta | chorionic villi and the decidua basalis combined make up |
| embryonic disc | the subdivided inner cell mass formed from the upper epiblast and the lower hypoblast |
| gastrulation | The process by which the three primary germ layers form |
| chorion | The outermost embryonic membrane |
| Fossa ovalis | structure represents the remnants of the atrial fetal shunt |
| function of the hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin | signals the corpus luteum to continue producing estrogen and progesterone to maintain the pregnancy. |
| corona radiata | is an arrangement of elongated follicle cells that surrounds the mature oocyte and the zona pellucida |
| zona pellucida | a thick, transparent, glycoprotein rich covering secreted by the oocyte |
| poly spermy | more than one sperm fertilizes the same egg |
| hormones that effect lactation | Estrogen, progesterone, human placental lactogen. |
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