Chapter 16 Lewis Med Surg Cancer
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ProfessorB on July 18, 2012
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My version of med surg cancer from Lewis Key points
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49 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Two major dysfunctions present in the process of cancer are: | :(1) defective cellular proliferation (growth) and (2) defective cellular differentiation. |
| cancer cells divide indiscriminately and haphazardly and sometimes__ | __produce more than two cells at the time of mitosis. |
| Through differentiation__ | __cells become capable of performing only specific functions. |
| Protooncogenes are__ | __normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes that keep them in their mature, functioning state. |
| When protooncogenes are mutated__ | __they can begin to function as oncogenes (tumor-inducing genes). |
| • Tumors can be classified as__ | __benign or malignant. |
| o Benign neoplasms are __ | __well-differentiated. |
| o Malignant neoplasms range from__ | __well-differentiated to undifferentiated. |
| • The stages of cancer include__ | __initiation, promotion, and progression. |
| o The first stage, initiation, is a __ | __mutation in the cell's genetic structure resulting from an inherited mutation, an error that occurs during DNA replication, or following exposure to a chemical, radiation, or viral agent. |
| o Promotion, the second stage in the development of cancer, is characterized by __ | __the reversible proliferation of the altered cells. |
| o Progression, the final stage, is characterized by __ | __increased growth rate of the tumor, increased invasiveness, and spread of the cancer to a distant site (metastasis). |
| • Metastasis is __ | __a multistep process in which tumor cells travel to distant sites via lymphatic and hematogenous routes. |
| The most frequent sites of metastasis are __ | __lungs, bone, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. |
| • Since cancer cells arise from normal human cells__ | __the immune response that is mounted against cancer cells may be inadequate to effectively eradicate them. |
| • Cancer cells may display altered cell surface antigens__ | __called tumor-associated antigens, as a result of malignant transformation. |
| Immunologic surveillance is __ | __response of the immune system to tumor-associated antigens. |
| • The process by which cancer cells evade the immune system is termed __ | __immunologic escape. |
| • Tumors can be classified according to__ | __anatomic site, histologic grading, and extent of disease (staging). |
| • In the anatomic classification of tumors, the tumor is identified by__ | __by the tissue of origin, the anatomic site, and the behavior of the tumor (i.e., benign or malignant). |
| • In histologic grading of tumors__ | __, the appearance of cells and the degree of differentiation are evaluated pathologically. |
| • The staging classification system is based on __ | __a description of the extent of the disease rather than on cell appearance. |
| o The clinical staging classification system uses __ | __five stages, from in situ to metastasis. |
| o The TNM classification system uses three parameters__ | __tumor size and invasiveness (T), presence or absence of regional spread to the lymph nodes (N), and metastasis to distant organ sites (M). |
| o The biopsy procedure is __ | __the only definitive means of diagnosing cancer. |
| • The goal of cancer treatment is __ | __cure, control, or palliation. |
| o When cure is the goal__ | __ treatment is offered that is expected to have the greatest chance of disease eradication and may involve local therapy (i.e., surgery or radiation) alone or in combination with or without periods of adjunctive systemic therapy (i.e., chemotherapy). |
| o Control is the goal of the treatment plan for many cancers __ | __that cannot be completely eradicated but are responsive to anticancer therapies and can be maintained for long periods with therapy. |
| o With palliation__ | __relief or control of symptoms and the maintenance of a satisfactory quality of life are the primary goals rather than cure or control of the disease process. |
| • Modalities for cancer treatment with all three goals include __ | __surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and biologic and targeted therapy. |
| • The two major categories of chemotherapeutic drugs are__ | __cell cycle phase-nonspecific and cell cycle phase-specific drugs. |
| o Cell cycle phase-nonspecific drugs have their effect__ | __on the cells during all phases of the cell cycle. |
| o Cell cycle phase-specific drugs exert their most significant effects __ | __during specific phases of the cell cycle. |
| The most common delivery of chemotherapy is__ | __intravenous, through central vascular access devices, peripherally inserted central venous catheters, or implanted infusion ports. The use of these means reduces the risk of extravasation. |
| • Regional treatment with chemotherapy involves the delivery of the drug __ | __directly to the tumor site. |
| The most common methods of regional chemotherapy are__ | __intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intravesical bladder, and intrathecal or intraventricular. |
| • Chemotherapy-induced side effects are the result of __ | __the destruction of normal cells, especially those that are rapidly proliferating such as those in the bone marrow, lining of the gastrointestinal system, and the integumentary system (skin, hair, and nails). |
| • The general and drug-specific adverse effects of chemotherapy drugs are classified as__ | __acute, delayed, or chronic |
| • Teletherapy or external beam radiation is __ | __the most common form of radiation treatment delivery. With this technique, the patient is exposed to radiation from a megavoltage treatment machine. |
| • Brachytherapy, or internal radiation treatment, consists of __ | __the implantation or insertion of radioactive materials directly into the tumor (interstitial) or in close proximity adjacent to the tumor (intracavitary or intraluminal). |
| o Myelosuppression is __ | __one of the most common effects of chemotherapy and, to a lesser extent, with radiation. It can result in life-threatening effects, including infection and hemorrhage. |
| o Fatigue is a nearly universal symptom __ | __affecting 70% to 100% of patients with cancer. |
| o The intestinal mucosa is one of__ | __the most sensitive tissues to radiation and chemotherapy. These injuries result in diarrhea, mucositis, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. |
| • Chemotherapy and radiation can produce __ | __long-term sequelae months to years after the cessation of therapy that can affect every body system. |
| • The cancer survivor is at risk for developing __ | __secondary malignancies, such as leukemia, angiosarcoma, and skin cancer. |
| • Biologic therapy consists of __ | __agents that modify the relationship between the host and the tumor by altering the biologic response of the host to the tumor cells |
| • Targeted therapy__ | __interferes with cancer growth by targeting specific cellular receptors and pathways that are important in tumor growth. |
| • Bone marrow depression and fatigue are associated with __ | __biologic therapy |
| Capillary leak syndrome __ | __is when the number and size of the pores in the capillaries increases, causing leaking into tissue. |
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