psych week 5 thinking, language & intelligence
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ashley0321 on July 18, 2012
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chapter 8
thinking, language & intelligence
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73 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cognition | mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving and using knowledge |
| which area of the brain has the most to do with thinking? | frontal lobe |
| what are the three components of thinking? | mental imaging, concept, & language |
| mental image | mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience, including visual, auditory etc. |
| concepts | mental representation of a group or category that shares similar characteristic |
| What are the three way we learn concepts? | artificial concepts, natural concepts, & hierarchies |
| artificial concepts | formed by logical and specific rules |
| natural concepts | formed by everyday life experiences |
| hierarchies | group concepts into subcategories within broader categories |
| language | form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specific rule |
| what are the three steps to problem solving? | preparation, production, & evaluation |
| preparation | identifying, separating & defining the ultimate goal |
| production | generating possible solutions called hypotheses by using algorithms & or heuristics |
| algorithms | step by step procedure that if followed correctly will always produce the solution |
| heuristic | simple rule or strategy for problem solving that provides shortcuts but does not guarantee a solution |
| what are 3 heuristics? | working backward, means-end analysis, & creating subgoals |
| working backward | starts with the solution and works backward through the problem. once you know the steps to be taken the problem is solved |
| means-end analysis | problem solver determines what measures would reduce the difference between the given state and the end goal. once you know what it take to reach the goal your problem has been solved |
| creating subgoals | large goal is broken down in to obtainable small goals |
| what are the 5 barriers to problem solving? | mental sets, functional fixedness, conformation bias, availability and representativeness heuristic |
| mental sets | persisting in using problem solving straggles that have worked in the past rather then bring new ones? |
| functional fixedness | tendency to think of an object functioning only in it usual or customary way |
| confirmation bias | preferring information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence |
| availability heuristic | judging the likelihood or probability of an event based on how readily available other instances of the event are in memory |
| representativeness heuristic | estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstance matched a previous protoype |
| how does a person overcome a mental set? | literally "think outside the box" |
| expecting to buy a hamburger when you go past mcdonalds is an example of which problem solving barrier? | representativeness heuristic |
| creativity | ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way |
| what are the three elements of creativity? | originality, fluency, flexibilty |
| originality | seeing unique or different solutions to a problem |
| fluency | generalizing a large number of possible solutions |
| flexibility | shifting with ease one type of problem solving strategy to another |
| how is creativity measured? | by test divergent thinking and convergent thinking |
| divergent thinking | producing many alternatives or ideas from a single starting point; linked to creativity |
| convergent thinking | attempting to find one correct answer; linked to conventional; non-creative thinking |
| reordering the letters "grevenidt" to form many new words is an example of which type of thinking? | divergent thinking |
| 2+2+6= is an example of which type of thinking? | convergent thinking |
| intellectual ability, knowledge, thinking style, personality, motivation and environment are all resources to what type of person? | creative people |
| intellectual ability | enough intelligence to see problems in a new light |
| knowledge | sufficient basic knowledge of the problem to effectively evaluate possible solutions |
| thinking style | novel ideas and ability to distinguish between the worthy and the worthless |
| personality | willingness to grow and change, take risks, and to overcome obstacles |
| motivation | sufficient motivation to accomplish the task and more internal than external motivation |
| environment | an environment that support creativity |
| what are the 3 building blocks of language? | phonemes, morphemes, & grammer |
| phoneme | smallest basic unit of speech or sound |
| morpheme | smallest meaningful unit of language, formed from a combination of phonemes |
| grammer | system of rules (syntax & semantics) used to create language and communication |
| crying, cooing, & babbling are characteristics of which stage of language development? | prelinguistic stage |
| single-utterances, telegraphic speech & learning the rules of grammar are characteristics of which stage of language development? | linguistic stage |
| at what age does the prelinguistic stage happen? | birth-12 months |
| at what age does the linguistic stage occur? | 12 months-5 years |
| nature perspective | language is an inborn capacity that develops primarily by maturation |
| nurture perspective | language develops from a complex system of rewards, punishments, & imitation |
| intelligence | global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, & deal effectively with the environment |
| what are the 2 models of intelligence? | gardner & sternberg |
| which model of intelligence contains 3 separate, learned aspects of intelligence? | sternberg |
| what are the 3 aspects of sternbergs model? | analytic intelligence, creative intelligence & practical intelligence |
| which learning model contained several forms of intelligence? | gardner |
| which test is most used to measure intelligence? | stanford-binet & wechsler |
| what does MA stand for in the iq equation? | mental age |
| what does CA stand for in the iq equation? | calander age |
| what range is considered normal iq? | 85-115 |
| what are the 3 scientific standards for measuring intelligence? | standardization, reliability & validity |
| standardization | establishes norms & uniform procedures for giving & scoring tests |
| reliability | measure of the consistency & stability of test scores over time |
| validity | ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure |
| an iq below what number is considered mental retardation? | 70 |
| an iq above what number is considered gifted? | 135 |
| an iq of 50-70 is considered? | mild retardation (85%) |
| an iq of 34-49 is considered? | moderate retardation (10%) |
| an iq of 20-34 is considered? | severe retardation (3-4%) |
| an iq of below 20 is considered? | profound retardation (1-2%) |
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