Gardner's Art through the Ages chapter 4 and 5
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99 terms
Latin | English |
|---|---|
| Acropolis |  Literally, the "high city." In Greek architecture, usually the site of the city's most important temple(s). |
| Acroterium | a pedestal for a sculpture or ornament at each base or at the apex of a pediment |
| Abacus | The uppermost portion of the capital of a column, usually a thin slab. |
| Agamemnon | the father of odysysus and he let odysyous leave his wife and chid and go exploring, funerary mask used to be called his, in circle grave A at Mycenae |
| Agora | An open square or space used for pulic meetings or business in ancient Greek cities |
| Amphi | on both ends |
| Amphitheater | Greek "double theater". A Roman building type resembling two Greek theaters put together. The Roman amphitheater featured a continuous elliptical cavea around a central arena. |
| Amphora | a two handled jar used for general storage purposes, usually to hold wine or oil |
| Andokides | painter of the red- figure technique, probably a student of Exekias |
| Apollonius | geometer and astronomer noted for conic sections, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola, eccentric orbits, motion of |
| Apoxyomenos | aka the mud scraper, made my Lysippos |
| Apse/ Niche | A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a building, commonly found at the east end of a church. |
| Archaic | The artistic style of 600-480BC, in Greece, characterized in part by the use of the composite view for painted and relief figures and of Egyptian stances for statues. (3 areas changes: development of orders, standardized pottery and black and red figure paiting, and sculpture changes in Kourus, developed 1st canon of proportion 1:8(stocky), moved in space, weight shift (contropasto) |
| Arthur Evans | found Knossos, named the people Minoans because of king Minos and the minotaur (half bull, half man) |
| Ashlar masonry | roughly hewn stone, cut to be put together without any mortar |
| Atlantid | A male figure that functions as a supporting column |
| Atrium | the central reception room of a Roman house that is partly open to the sky. Also the open, colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica |
| Attic/Attica | the uppermost story of a building, triumphal arch, or city gate |
| Axial (plan) | the horizontal arrangement of the parts of a building or of the buildings and streets of a city or town, or a drawing or diagram showing such an arrangement. In an axial plan, the parts of a building are organized longitudinally, or along a given axis; in a central plan, the parts of the structure are of equal or almost equal dimensions around the center. |
| Black-figure | Dark figures silhouetted against light background of natural red clay. Details incised into black to let red show through. Touches of white and purple were added to vase. Was invented during the Archaic Period, 1st before the red figure. |
| Brygos | painter first to show the ¾ rer view with shoulder turned forward = Contraposto |
| Calidarium | hot bath section of a roman bathing establishment. |
| Callimachos | inventer of corinthian capital/ order |
| Caryatid | A female figure that functions as a supporting column |
| Castrum | A Roman military encampment |
| Cellae | the chamber at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room (Greek, nanos) in which the cult statue usually stood. |
| Chimera | A monster of Greek invention with the head and body of a lion and the tail of a serpent. A second head, that of a goat, grows out of one side of the body. |
| Chiton | A Greek tunic, the essential (and often only) garment of both men and women, the other being the himation, or mantle, worn under the peplos, slip like garment |
| Chryselephantine | fashioned of gold and ivory (like monumental structure of Zeus in the temple at Olympia 470-456 BC) |
| Cire Perdue | A bronzecasting method in which a figure is modeled in wax and covered with clay; the whole is fired, melting away the wax and hardening the clay, which then becomes a mold for molten metal. |
| Cista | An Etruscan cylindrical container made of sheet bronze with cat handles and feet, often with elaborately engraved bodies, used for women's toiletry articles. |
| Coffer | A sunken panel, often ornamental, in a vault or a ceiling. |
| Contrapposto | the disposition of the human figure in which one part is turned in opposition to another part (usually hips and legs one way, shoulders and chest another), creating a counterpositioning of the body about its central axis. Sometimes called weight shift because the weight of the body tends to be thrown to one foot, creating tension on one side and relaxation on the other. |
| Corbel | a projecting wall member used as a support for some element in the superstructure. Also, courses of stone or brick in which each course projects beyond the one beneath it. Two such structures, meeting at the topmost course, create a corbelled arch. |
| Corbeled vault | a vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in a pointed arch. No mortar is used, and the vault is held in place only by the weight of the blocks themselves, with smaller stones used as wedges. |
| Corinthian | these columns have a base. The capital is a more ornate form than Doric or Ionic; it consists of a double row or acanthus leaves from which tendrils and flowers grow, wrapped around a bellshaped echinus. Although this capital form is often cited as the distinguishing feature of the corinthian order. There is, strictly speaking, no Corinthian order, but only this style of capital used in the Ionic order. |
| Cycladic Art | The pre-Greek art of the Cycladic Islands, most statuettes made from marble, women, but some men doing service activities |
| Cyclopean | Gigantic, vast and rough, massive. Cyclopean masonry is a method of stone construction using large, irregular blocks without mortar. The huge unhewn and roughly cut blocks were used to construct Bronze Age fortifications such as Tiryns and other Mycenaean sites. |
| Doric/Dorian | Doric columns have arrises which are the raised edges of the fluting. Also it is one of the two systems or orders that evolved for articulating the three units of the elevation of an ancient Greek temple |
| Dromos | the passage leading to a beehive tomb. |
| Encaustic | A painting technique in which pigment is mixed with wax and applied to the surgace while hot. |
| Engaged | a column attached to a wall |
| Epidaurus | the theature that was built by Polykleitos, it was built for dramas and comediest |
| Ergotimos | potter of Francois vase |
| Euphronios | red- figure painter devoted to anatomy |
| Euthymides | credited with the first ¾ rear view |
| Exekias | painter of the black-figure vase |
| Faience | Earthenware or pottery, especially with highly colored desing (from Faenza, Italy, a site of manufacture for such ware). Glazed earthenware. |
| Fibula | decorative pin used to hold garments together, story of killing the messenger after he ran the marathon, with the fibulas of the women |
| Fresco | Crete islands used true fresco, painting on lime plaster, either dry (dry fresco or fresco secco) or wet (true or buon fresco). In the latter method, the pigments are mixed with water and become chemically bound to the freshly laid lime plaster. Also, a painting executed in either method |
| Frigidarium | the cold-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment. |
| Heinrich Schliemann | found Troy, Mycenae, funerary mask |
| Helladic | Helladic art is the pre-Greek art of the Greek mainland (Hellas) |
| Hellenes | The name the ancient Greeks called themselves as the people of Hellas, to distinguish themselves from people who did not speak Greek. |
| Hellenistic | a combining of the ideas, beliefs and arts of the East and West |
| Hermes | sculpture of him with the infant Dionysis in the temple of Hera Olympia 340BC, serpentine curve by Praxiteles |
| Herakles | Hercules |
| Himation | An ancient Greek mantle worn by men and women over the tunic and draped in various ways. |
| Hydria | An ancient Greek three handled water pitcher (jar). |
| Ionic/Ionians | Ionic columns have a base, one of the two systems or orders evolved for articulating the three units of the elevation of a Greek temple, the platform, the colonnade, and the superstructure (entablature). The Ionic order is characterized by, eg. Volutes, capitals, columns with bases, and an uninterrupted frieze. |
| Kallikrates | architect of the temple of Athena Nike 427-424BC |
| Kleitias | Painter of the Francois vase |
| Knossos | palace 1500 BC, minotaur kept outside the palace, Sir. Auther Evens found this Palace, on the island of Crete |
| Kouros/Kore | Greek for young woman and young man |
| Krater | An ancient Greek wide-mouthed bowl for mixing wine and water, most popular jar during this era. |
| Kylix | an ancient Greek shallow drinking cup with two handles and a stem, decorated on inside and outside |
| Labrys/Labyrinth | maze like |
| Lekythos | a flask containing perfumed oil; lekythoi were often placed in Greek graves as offerings to the deceased, they also had narrow necks |
| Lysippos | created the new canon 1:9 heads, smaller heads, slender shoulders. |
| Magazine | kitchen or storage area kept in close proximity for the parties that they would throw, on the right hand side, were public figures would come, wines and oils stored, walled with holes in the floor, where water was put in there and the pots put in there, heavy walls sometimes to keep it cooler, first refrigerater (Knossos) |
| Masoleum | a central plan, domed structure, built as a memorial. |
| Megaron | an interior room, with a front porch, private rooms for the queen and king (Crete) online def: The large reception hall of the king in a Mycenaean palace, fronted by an open, two-columned porch. |
| Minos/Minotaur | the mythical beast, helf man and half bull, that inhabited the labrinth of the mnoan palace of nossos |
| Minoan | art: The pre-Greek art of Crete, named after the legendary King Minos of Knossos, potter's wheel was made during the middle period, Kamares vase, Marine style octopus car, snake godess, young God out of a hippopotomus tusk, no monumental structures or temples |
| Mnesikles | built Propylaia, which had the 1st library and gallery, doric order with ionic elements, never completed, built 2nd after the Parthenon |
| Monumental suffering | art that exposed the imperfections of humanity (Hellenistic), most important find is the Laocoon |
| Mosaic | patterns or pictures made by embedding small pieces of stone or glass (tesserae) in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors; also, the technique of making such works |
| Mycenaean | from the greek mainland, the late phase of Helladic art, named after the site of Mycenae, lion's gate with relieving triangle (corbeled arch), largest sculpture |
| Niobid | children of Thebes and Niobe |
| Peplos | one piece tunic of wool worn with shawl, often had a chiton or slip under it, eventually the chiton became the main piece of clothing |
| Philip of Macedon | the father of Alexander the Great |
| Pithoi | very large storage pots sometimes with many handles |
| Polykleitos | Doryphoros or spear bearer, 450 BC, although there were advances in body observation, the facial freatures are not individualized, the face is idealized, reason: no facial expressions, show little or no emtion, passion: body shows greater movement, 1:8, 8 heads = 1 body. |
| Portico | A porch with a roof supported by columns; an entrance porch. |
| Praxiteles | invented the serpentine curve in sculpture, made Hermes with the Infant Dionysos |
| Propylaia | a gateway building leading to an open court preceding an ancient Greek or Roman temple. The monumental entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. |
| Proscenium | raised stage (of the theater) from powerpoint |
| Red-figure | Reverse of black figure technique, Invented 2nd, during Archaic period. Details are relief lines applied with a syringe-like tool, and glaze applied with brush. It's called red because they are referring to the original color of the pottery |
| Relieving | triangle: In a corbeled arch, the opening above the lintel that serves to lighten the weight to be carried by the lintel itself. |
| Repousse | Formed in relief by beating a metal plate from the back, leaving the impression on the face. The metal is hammered into a hollow mold of wood or some other pliable material and finished with a graver. See also relief. |
| Rhyton | an ancient ceremonial drinking vessel, sometimes in the form of head of an animal, a person or a mythological creature. |
| Santorini | most southern island in the Cyclideans, known today as Thera, may originate the legend of Atlantis, painting of boats |
| Scopas | inventer of facial emotion |
| Sistrum | a percussion instrument of ancient Egypt, Sumeria, and Rome consisting of metal rods or loops attached to a metal frame |
| Skene | in ancient Greek theaters, the scene building that housed dressing rooms for the actor and also formed a backdrop the plays, raised stage |
| Stoas | in ancient Greek architecture, an open building with a roof supported by a row of columns parallel to the back wall. A covered colonnade. |
| Theatron | literally means 'place for seeing' |
| Thera | most southern island in the Cyclideans, used to be known as Santorini, may originate the legend of Atlantis, painting of boats |
| Tholos | beehive shaped dome that housed a tomb, covered by enormous earthen mounds |
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