History of Science: Concepts
Order by
38 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Whig history | We think of history as leading up to where we are today |
| Tormented evolutionist | Darwin delayed publication because his ideas were heretical |
| "Great man stories" | Tendency to think of history in terms of individuals, but no one person is the whole story |
| War between science and religion | Most pre-Darwin science was done in name of God |
| Induction | Generalizations based on a number of specific instances |
| Hypothetico-deductive method | Scientists set up a hypothesis that can be falsified |
| How does science proceed? | Time, place, milieu |
| Normal science | Research can only be done in a conceptual framework Scientists stay loyal to old paradigm No linear progress |
| Function of creation myths | Knowledge is empowering Relationships: 1) god -> human; 2) human -> creation |
| Consilience of Induction | Classes of facts/observations, how they coincide with other classes of facts of facts/observations -> stronger theory |
| Greek philosophy | Materialistic theories of universe Cosmogonies |
| Public museums | Transferred emphasis on natural specimens from private collections to public |
| Homunculus | Ovism: individual encased in eggs Vermism: individual encased in testes |
| Mechanistic thinking (Industrial Revolution) | Created version of the universe implied by deism is smilar to a big machine New emphasis on technical skill -> science and engineering |
| Lunar Society | Meeting of entrepreneurial technocrats Ben Franklin, James Watt, etc. |
| Neoplatonism | Fusion of Platonic Forms with Aristotle's hierarchical universe View of fossils -> not organic remains, but mimics of life in rocks |
| Vector of Change | Fossils in newer strata resemble modern species, those in older strata less so -> transmutation or successive creations |
| French Revolution | Scared the English because of radical free thought -> free thought is subversive because it's associated with French Revolution |
| Polygenism | Separate creations for difference races Pre-Adamite races |
| Monogenism | Biblically sound, but doesn't account for human diversity |
| Vera Causa | Demonstrating the existence of a mechanism, the causal adequacy or competence of that mechanism, and the responsibility of the mechanism in explaining observed phenomena |
| Sarawak Law | Every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a pre-existing closely allied species |
| T and O Map | Ancient map of the earth with Jerusalem at the center |
| Hybridization (Linnaeus) | Produced new plants and animals |
| Commerce | Led to age of discovery |
| Spontaneous generation | Simple forms of life Maggots in meat, mold from bread |
| Pre-existence theory | Interdependence of organs rules of development of parts |
| Platonic view of life | Natural world is actually unreality |
| Medicinal use of fossils | Fossils that looked like body parts would be used to treat ailments |
| Uniformitarianism (actualism) | Processes acting today are the same as those in the past; gradual |
| Vitalism | Urge within organisms to drive them up the chain of complexity |
| Parallelism | Human embryo takes on development of other animals --> other animals are immature humans |
| Darwin's voyage | Encounter with lush tropical life Biological differences Large fossils look like modern animals Encounter with non-European people |
| Fuegians | Hunter-gatherer No concept of ownership |
| Plenitude | All possible forms must have a real existence |
| Natural classification | Triumph of empiricism Biological inference Hierarchical taxonomy |
| Neptunist school | Stratification -> all rocks had been precipitated from a universal ocean 5 floods created 5 rocks classes |
| Vulcanist school | Stemmed from Hutton Most ancient rocks formed deep within the earth, and then are exposed through continental uplift and erosion |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.