| Term | Definition |
|---|
| homeostasis | state of dynamic constancy |
| negative feedback | most common mechanism of the body, produces change in opposite direction of initial change from the set-point, sensor to detect deviation, integrating center to process information, effector to produce response |
| monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, galactose |
| dissaccharide | sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| polysaccharide | starch, glycogen, energy storage |
| acids | pH<7 |
| bases | pH>7 |
| acidosis | pH less than 7.35, depression |
| alkalosis | pH greater than 7.45, overexcitability |
| Ketoacidosis | too many ketone bodies in blood, pH decreases (become too acidic) results from improper metabolism of lipids |
| plasma membrane | phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable, barrier, phospholipids and protein |
| extracellular materials brought in by | phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| exocytosis | material let out of cell through plasma membrane |
| protein messenger | nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi complex |
| enzymes | speed of rate of a reaction, not altered after reaction takes place, lower the energy required for a reaction to take place |
| necrosis | pathological changes, natural, clogged artery |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death, normal, dead skin cells, heart attack |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | energy transformations cause increased entropy in a system |
| anabolic | makes larger molecules, requires energy, does not create energy, source for energy-storage molecules |
| catabolic | creates and releases energy, breaks down molecules, primary source of energy for making ATP |
| anerobic glycolysis | liberate energy from glucose, takes place in cytosol, no oxygen, glucose is converted to: pyruvic acid (final product) and lactic acid, degradation of glucose cannot proceed beyond glycolysis, 2 ATP, red blood cells rely on this lactic acid pathway |
| aerobic (Krebs Cycle) | 32 ATP, oxygen present, in mitochondria, |
| Acetyl CoA | allows products of glycolysis to enter the Krebs cycle |
| ketosis | breakdown of fat, fats are rapidly degrated by the body |
| ketone bodies | formed when too much fat is broken down |
| largest percent of water | intracellular fluid, 67% |
| extracellular fluid | 33% |
| interstitial fluid | 80% |
| plasma | 20% |
| oxidative phosphorylation | the process that occurs in typical cells during the production of most ATP, ATP generated by ETC |
| glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen |
| carrier-mediated transport | molecules too large and polar to diffuse are transported across membrane by protein carriers, can be active or passive |
| protein carriers exhibit | specificity, competition, saturation |
| specificity | for single molecule, only specific compounds can attach to a protein and enter the cell |
| competition | among substrates for transport, one protein may serve as a carrier for more than one specific compound and these compounds will compete for entry into the cell |
| saturation | when all carriers are occupied, there is a transport maximum |
| facilitated diffusion | passive transport down concentration gradient by carrier proteins, does not require energy, displays properties of specificity competition and saturation |
| passive transport | net movement of molecules or ions from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentrations (down concentration gradient); no ATP required |
| active transport | movement of molecules from low to high concentration (up a concentration gradient); requires energy and transporters |
| examples of passive transport | simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
| rate of diffusion depends on | concentration gradient, membrane permeability to diffusing substance, membrane surface area, temperature of solution |
| microvilli | increase rate of diffusion |
| osmosis | simple diffusion of solvent (water) through a membrane that is more permeable to the solvent than it is the solute; does not require carrier proteins for execution |
| when will osmosis take place | there must be a difference in the concentration of the solute on the two sides of a selectively permeable membrane; the membrane must be relatively impermeable to the solute |
| tonicity | effect of a solution on osmotic movement of water |
| hypotonic | solutions with a lower osmotic pressure, fewer solutes in solution than within cell, cells gain water and swell |
| hypertonic | solutions with higher osmotic pressure, more solutes in solution than within cell; cells lose water and shrink |
| isotonic | solutions containing osmotically active solutes that have the same osmotic pressure as plasma; no water will move |
| two factors that resting potential depends on | the ratio of the concentrations of each ion on the inside and outside of the membrane; the specific permeability of the membrane to each different ion |
| four types of cell signaling | gap junctions, paracrine, synaptic, endocrine |
| gap junctions | signal can travel directly from one cell to the next bc the plasma membranes are fused together and their cytoplasms are continuos through tiny gap junctions |
| paracrine | release of regulatory molecules that act within the organ which they are made-->to local/nearby target cells |
| synaptic | release of chemical neurotransmitters by axon endings-->from axon of one cell to the dendrite of a different cell |
| endocrine | release of regulatory molecules called hormones, which travel in the blood to distant target cells |
| receptor proteins | must be present for a target cell to respond to a hormone, neurotransmitter, or paracrine regulator |
| primary tissues | muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective |
| skeletal | striated and voluntary |
| cardiac | striated and involuntary |
| smooth | non-striated and involuntary; found in digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchiols, and in ducts of the urinary and reproductive systems |
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