| Term | Definition |
|---|
| shriveled | animal cell in hypertonic solution (shrink) |
| lysed | animal cell in hypotonic solution (burst) |
| osmoregulation | The regulation of solute and water concentrations in body fluids by organisms living in hyperosmotic, hypoosmotic, and terrestrial environments. |
| contractile vacuole | A vacuole found in some freshwater organism that pumps out excess water that diffuses into the cellular membrane. |
| turgid | Swollen or distended, as in plant cells. (A walled cell becomes turgid if it has a greater solute concentration than its surroundings, resulting in entry of water.) |
| flaccid | plant cell in isotonic solution |
| plasmolyzed | plant cell in hypertonic solutionm - pulling away from cell wall |
| aquaporins | a transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane. water channel protein |
| channel proteins | What kind of proteins open passageways through the membrane for certain hydrophilic substances such as polar and charged molecules? |
| active transport | The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring input of energy (often as ATP). |
| passive transport | The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy |
| sodium-potassium pump | the pump of Na and K against the concentration gradient type of active transport |
| electrochemical gradients | the diffusion gradient of an ion, representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to mvoe relative to the membrane potential |
| proton pump | An active transport mechanism in cell membranes that uses ATP to force hydrogen ions out of a cell, generating a membrane potential in the process. |
| cotransport | The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient. |
| exocytosis | large molecules`, process by which a cell releases large amounts of material |
| endocytosis | large molecules the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane |
| phagocytosis | type of endocytosis. process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell using Vacuole. used for solid |
| pinocytosis | not specific type of endocytosis a method of active transport across the cell membrane in which the cell takes in extracellular fluids. uses vesicle |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | - highly specific, an invagination forms on membrane with receptors for a specific molecule..the protein is very special shape to allow only certain things in. using coated vasicle |
| glucolipid | oligosacchride (carbohydrates) attached to the membrane phospholipid |
| glycoproteins | proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them |
| peripheral protein | a protein appendage loosely bound to the surface of a membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer |
| fibronectin | a glycoprotein that helps animal cells attach to the extracellular matrix. |
| membrane potential | The charge difference between a cell's cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid, due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances. |
| electrogenic pump | a type of transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane; sodium-potassium is a type of it (imp. for animals) and proton (imp. for plants) Creates voltage across the membrane. |
| ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. used in in receptor-mediated endosytosis |
| collagen fibers | long, straight, and unbranched; most common fibers in connective tissue proper; flexible; tendons and ligaments |
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