| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Iontophoresis (IP) | an electrical method that enhances the transport of solute molecules via the creation of a potential gradient through the skin with an applied electrical current or voltage |
| Typical IP device consists of | battery, microprocessor controller, drug reservoir, and electrodes |
| _____ ions are delivered by the cathode | negative |
| _____ ions are delivered by the anode | positive |
| Advantages of IP | control delivery rates, elimination of GI incompatibility, reduction of side effects, avoid risks of infection, and enhanced patient compliance |
| Disadvantage of IP | skin irritation at high current densities which can be controlled |
| Factors affecting IP | current densities, properties of the drug, formulation factors, biological factors, electroendosmotic flow |
| Electroendosmotic Flow | fluid flow as a result of the voltage difference across the charged membrane will affect the rate of drug delivery |
| Current | direct, alternate, or pulsed with different waveforms |
| Physicochemical Properties | charge, size, structure, and lipophilicity of the drug |
| Lipophilicity | no charge, hydrophobic, which has a hard time going through the skin |
| Formulation Factors | drug concentration, pH, ionic strength, and viscosity |
| ______ ions in formlation will compete with the drug decreasing drug delivery | buffer |
| Biological Factors | thickness, permeability, presence of sores etc. will affect drug delivery |
| Phonophoresis | the transport of drugs though the skin using ultra sound waves which is normally mixed with a coupling agent |
| Mechanism of Phonophoresis | disruption of the stratum comeum (outer most layer of skin) lipids that facilitate drug transport |
| Phonophoresis is affected by | reflection, refraction, and absorption of waves |
| Effects of ultrasound include | cavitation, microstreaming, and heat generation |
| Cavitation | formation and collages of small air bubbles in the liquid in contact with the ultrasound waves |
| microstreaming | efficient mixing via induced eddies in the liquid; enhances dissolution of the drugs |
| eddies | waves |
| heat generation | conversion of ultrasound energy to heat energy |
| sublingual | under the tongue with rapid absorption and onset of action due to high permeability and rich blood supply |
| buccal | side of cheeks |
| local delivery to oral cavity | how you typically take a pill |
| 2 delivery systems of sublingual drugs | rapidly disintegrating tablets and soft gelatin capsules filled with a drug in solution |
| Buccal tablets better for | sustained release approaches, delivery of less permeable molecules, and peptide drugs |
| Disadvantage of Buccal tablets | low rate of absorption |
| Buccal tablet formulations include what | permeability or penetration enhancers I.e. either, phospholipids, menthol, sulfoxides |
| Bioadhesive polymers | polymers that can adhere to hard or soft tissues |
| hydrogels | hydrophilic matrices that are capable of swelling in aqueous media |
| adhesive patches | consists of an impermeable baking layer and a mucoadhesive polymer layer with the drug |
| _____ is well supplied with both vascular and lymphatic drainage | mucosa |
| _____ intestinal metabolism is avoided when using buccal tablets | First pass |
| The mucosa area is well suited for a _________ and is acceptable to patients | retentive device |
| _________________ of the mucosa can be controlled and manipulated to accommodate drug permeability | permeability and local environment |
| Advantages of IUD administration | self insertion and removal, continuous drug release, good patient compliance, and local delivery |
| Vaginal rings | pliable drug delivery systems that is inserted into the vagina to slowly release drugs to be absorbed into the blood stream |
| Vaginal ring does is _____ than oral dose | smaller |
| IUD | small plastic device that is placed into the uterine cavity for sustained drug release |
| Progesterone does what two things | causes cervical mucous to thicken and change the lining of the uterus so implantation does not occur |
| Paragard | copper-based IUD |
| 2 main barriers of ocular drug delivery | cornea and blood-retina barrier |
| Prolonged drug action to the eye can be achieved by | reducing drainage of drug, enhancing corneal penetration, and controlled devices |
| Ocuserts are designed to overcome the _______ of pilocarpine from ophthalmic drugs | inefficient delivery |
| With Ocusert drug delievery only a _______ of drug release compared to drops which lower toxicity and side effects | quarter |
| Surodex BDD | inserted in the front of the eye |
| Posurdex BDD | inserted via surgery to the back of the eye |
| Biodegradable Drug Delivery Systems | micro-sized polymer system with continued drug release |
| Implants | sterile solid drug products made by compression, melting, or sintering and usually consists of the drug and rate-controlling excipients |
| Gliadel wafer implants | designed to deliver carmustine directly into the surgical cavity upon resection of brain tumor |
| Zoladex Implants | goserelin acetate for sterile subcutaneous injection in the upper abdominal wall for continuous release over 28 days |
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