| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Cleisthenes | brought democracy to Athens |
| Socrates | believed "the unexamined life is not worth living" |
| acropolis | fortified place and religious center |
| Stoicism | taught by Zeno |
| Homer | the Iliad and the Odyssey |
| Thucydides | the greatest historian of the ancient world |
| agora | open area used as a market and meeting place |
| Mount Olympus | home of the Greek gods |
| Aristarchus of Samos | astronomer in the Hellenistic Age |
| Knossos | central city of Minoan civilization |
| vassalage | the heart of feudalism |
| Richard the Lionhearted | negotiated a settlement with Saladin to allow Christians access to Jerusalem |
| count | German noble who acted as the king's representative in a certain local area |
| Domesday Book | first census since Roman times |
| wergild | amount of money paid by a criminal to the family of the person he had killed or injured |
| fief | the grant of land made to a vassal |
| Gregory I | strengthened the power of the papacy |
| Justinian | codified Roman law, resulting in The Body of Civil Law |
| Phillip IV | created the first French parliament |
| Magyars | people from western Asia who settled on the plains of Hungary |
| Pope Innocent III | initiated the Fourth Crusade |
| Benedict | founded a community of monks that became the model for Roman Catholic monasticism |
| Magna Carta | gave written recognition to the mutual rights and obligations between kings and vassals |
| ordeal | means of determining guilt under Germanic law |
| William of Normandy | won the Battle of Hastings |
| vassal | a man who served a lord in a military capacity |
| Charlemagne | created the Carolingian Empire |
| Saladin | led the Muslim forces during the Third Crusade |
| Vikings | Norsemen of Scandinavia |
| knight | heavily armored cavalry soldier |
| anthropology | the study of human life and culture |
| Homo sapiens | "wise human being" |
| thermoluminescence dating | determines an object's age by measuring the light given off by electrons trapped in the surrounding soil |
| archaeology | the study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind |
| artifacts | items left behind by early peoples |
| neolithic | "new stone" |
| radiocarbon dating | determines an object's age by measuring the amount of C-14 |
| prehistory | the period before writing was developed |
| systematic agriculture | keeping animals and growing food on a regular basis |
| Jericho | Neolithic farming village near the Dead Sea |
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