| Term | Definition |
|---|
| recombinant DNA technology, DNA manipulation, DNA modification, gene splicing | other names for genetic engineering? |
| Recombinant DNA | genetically engineered DNA made from fragments of DNA from different organisms? |
| cut out gene using restriction enzymes, insert gene into vector, open receiver DNA, splice pieces together | 4 steps in recombinant DNA |
| they reproduce really fast, DNA is easy to access | 2 benefits in using bacteria in recombinant DNA? |
| prokaryotes | bacteria are ____, their DNA is not trapped inside the nucleus |
| plasmids | Bacteria's DNA has ___ |
| true | Bacteria's DNA is easy to break open and hook together.TRUE/FALSE |
| transgenic organism | an organism that has DNA from a different species that functions |
| genetically modified organism (another name for transgenetic organism) | What is GMO? |
| produces insulin for some people who made need it, resists crop disease, indicate/cleans up population | 3 uses of trangenic organisms? |
| human genome project | its purpose was the figure out all the genes in a human so disease could be cured or prevented |
| DNA fingerprinting | DNA is broken into small segments and passed by electricity through a gel |
| genetic engineering | Cutting DNA from an organism into small peices then inserting those peices into another organism? |
| recombinant DNA | DNA that is made by connecting peices of DNA from different organisms together? |
| transgenic organism | organisms that have useful recombinant DNA? |
| gene splicing | rejoining cut DNA pieces? |
| clones | genetically equal copies? |
| plant cells do not have plasmids needed for taking up foreign peices of DNA, animal cells do not readily accept the plasmids into their DNA | why is it harder to genetically engineer a plant or animal? |
| insulin | What was the first genetically engineered drug? |
| hepatitis B. | what was the first genetically engineered vaccine? |
| E. coli | what GMO has been used to produce insulin? |
| 1. GMOs could introduce new allergens into foods and screw up the food chain 2. local or global effects of transgenic organisms proliferating 3. would allow the production of first generation crops that would produce no seeds | 3 risks of GMOs? |
| parasites of the living kingdoms | viruses are not plants, animals, or bacteria, but they are _____ |
| pathogen | anything that causes a disease |
| viroids, prions, viruses, bacteria, etc | examples of pathogens? |
| host | an organism like an animal or insect that carries a pathogen |
| transmission | how a pathogen gets from its reservoir to its host |
| air, food, water, body fluids, contaminated needles | examples of transmission |
| epidemic | local outbreak of a disease |
| pandemic | world wide outbreak of a disease |
| reservoir | long term host that does not show symptons of a disease; where the disease comes from |
| vector | a living organism that carries a pathogen from host to host and is not affected by it |
| viroid | a floating peice of DNA? |
| plants like potatoes, tomatoes, or citrus fruits | what are viroids mostly found in? |
| yes | can viroids cause disease? |
| protein only | prions are ___ |
| no | do prions have DNA? |
| yes | can prions cause diseases? |
| through eating or touching infected tissue | how do prions spread? |
| capsid | what is a protein coat called? |
| envelope | what is an extra layer of the protein coat used for protection? |
| nucleic acid (RNA or DNA?), shape (rod or sphere?), what they infect? | 3 things viruses are classified by? |
| lung cells | what does pneumonia infect? |
| liver cells | what does hepatitis infect? |
| white blood cells | what does AIDs infect? |
| bacteria | what does bacteriophage infect? |
| by the carbohydrate nametages | how does a virus know which cell is which? |
| host cells | viruses cannot function normally without ___ |
| viral reproduction | ___ destroys the host cell and causes disease |
| nornmally DNA makes RNA then RNA makes proteins, since RNA viruses only have RNA and no DNA it cannot reproduce. so RNA makes a copy of DNA first then lets it go and completes to cycle of cell reproduction | explain reverse transcription? |
| cold and flu | 2 examples of reverse transcription? |
| virus infects their host and starts reproducing right away making their host sick quickly | lytic viruses? |
| viruses that pause once they get inside their host and can lay dormant for days, months, or even years | lysogenic viruses? |
| virulent | another name for lytic viruses? |
| temperate | another name for lysogenic viruses? |
| reverse transciption | creating DNA from RNA? |
| DNA sequencing | figuring out the order of the letters in a strand of DNA? |
| no | are viruses living? |
| nucleic acid and protein | what is a virus made of? |
| viroid | a nonliving pathogen made ONLY of DNA? |
| functions | a transgenic organism has recombinant DNA that ___ |
| prion | nonliving pathogen made only of protein? |
| He noticed that milk maids did not get small pox but cow pox instead. he infected his own son with cow pox first then small pox and he never developed small pox. he invented the first vaccine | who was edward jenner? |
| he killed the polio virus and then put it in children and it prevented them from developing polio | who is jonas stalk? |
| jenner put a weaker living virus in his son and this prevented him from getting small pox because his body already recognized it so it killed the virus before it could cause any harm. stalk killed the virus before he put it in the children. | what is the difference between edward jenner and jonas stalks vaccines? |
| a. When the tropical rain forests are destroyed, many viruses are exposed to us from the 90% of species we don't even know exist | 4. Why is it important for virologists to study life form in tropical rain forests |
| a. They use the viruses as vectors to carry the DNA into the cell to give people the genes they need to get better | 5. How might viruses be used to cure some genetic diseases? |
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