| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Latins | settlers of Rome along the Tiber River |
| Tiber River | river that runs through Rome; home of the 1st civilization |
| Italian Peninsula | peninsula of Italy surrounded by the Adriatic, Mediterranean, & Tyrrehenian Seas |
| Sicily | island of Italy located at the tip of the Italian Peninsula |
| Mediterranean Sea | sea between Africa, Europe, and Asia; center of trade in anicent times |
| patricians | wealthy landowners or aristocrats descended from the Latins |
| plebeians | the commoners of Rome |
| consuls | two patrician leaders of Rome's government and arrmy |
| forum | the downtown heart of Roman society |
| dictator | an appointed leader with absolute power during time of war in Rome |
| republic | a government led by elected officials |
| Hannibal | general of Carthage who attacked Rome from the north in the 2nd Punic War |
| Carthage | Phoenician city-state in Northern Africa; Tunisia is the modern country |
| Phoenicians | sea traders of Carthage who controlled the Mediterranean, introduced the alphabet, and traded purple dye |
| Lydians | sea traders of the Mediterranean who introduced the first coin system |
| Julius Caesar | member of 1st triumvirate; general who became dictator for life |
| Ides of March | March 15, 44 BC; date Julius Caesar was assassinated |
| triumvirate | rule of three |
| Marc Antony | member of the 2nd triumvirate; husband of Cleopatra who was defeated by Octavian |
| Brutus | senator who led the conspiracy plot to kill Julius Caesar |
| Et tu, Brute | Latin for "And you, Brutus?" |
| Cleopatra | queen of Egypt who was defeated by Octavian; last pharaoh of Egypt |
| Ptolemy | a general of Alexander the Great who ruled Egypt; Cleopatra is his ancestor |
| Octavian | member of the 2nd triumvirate and heir of Julius Caesar |
| Augustus | title given to Octavian meaning "honored one" |
| Gaul | the province given to Julius Caesar to rule early in his career; current day France |
| proconsul | the title of a ruler of a Roman province; governor |
| Caesarion | son of Julius Caesar & Cleopatra |
| Rubicon River | river crossed by Julius Caear to begin the civil war with Pompey |
| Bacchus | god of wine |
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