AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER 4
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Created by:
allisonswag on August 8, 2012
Subjects:
ap, ap bio, biology, chapter 4, carbon, carbon and the molecular diversity of life
Description:
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life - Biology, Seventh Edition, Campbell Reese
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30 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 organic chemistry | the branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds |
| vitalism | belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws; eventually crumbled after lab synthesis of complex organic molecules |
| mechanism | the view that all natural phenomena, including the processes of life are governed by physical and chemical laws |
| tetravalence | A molecule branching off in four directions; carbon is an example of this, a quality allowing it to be extremely versatile |
| hydrocarbon | organic chemicals that consist of only hydrogen and carbon |
| isomers | compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties |
| structural isomers | compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms |
| geometric isomers | compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms |
| enantiomers | one of two compounds that are mirror images of each other |
| functional groups | the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions |
| hydroxyl group | (-OH) a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen, which in turn is bonded to a carbon skeleton |
| alcohols | organic compounds containing a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group |
| carbonyl group | (>CO) a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond |
| ketones | a carbonyl group (>CO) when it is located within a carbon skeleton |
| aldehydes | a carbonyl group (>CO) when it is located at the end of a carbon skeleton |
| carboxyl group | (-COOH) when an oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom, which is also bonded to a hydroxyl group |
| carboxylic acids | an organic compound containing a carboxyl group |
| amino group | (NH2) a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and then to the carbon skeleton |
| amines | an organic compound with one or more amino groups |
| sulfahydryl group | (-SH) a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen, resembles a hydroxyl group in shape |
| thiols | organic compounds containing sulfahydryl groups |
| phosphate group | (-OPO3`2) a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, two of which contain negative charges, with one oxygen bonded to the carbon skeleton |
| organic phosphates | the name of the compounds in the phosphate group |
| functional properties of hydroxyls | 1.) polar as a result of the electronegative atom oxygen pulling hydrogens electron towards itself 2.) attracts water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars |
| functional properties of carbonyls | 1.) a ketone and an aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties (ex: acetone and propanal) |
| functional properties of carboxyls | 1.) has acidic properties because it is a source of hydrogen ions 2.) the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions (H+) tend to dissociate reversibly (changing acetic acid to acetic ions) 3.) in cells, when found in the ionic form, the ions are called a carboxylate group |
| functional properties of aminos | 1.) acts as a base, can pick up a hydrogen, acts as a base, can pick up a proton 2.) ionized, with a charge of 1+, under cellular conditions. |
| functional properties of sulfhydryls | 1.) two sulfhydryl groups can interact to help stabilize protein structure |
| functional properties of phosphates | 1.) makes the molecule of which it is a part of an anion (negatively charged ion) 2.) can transfer energy between organic molecules |
| adenine triphosphate (ATP) | primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell, contains an organic molecule attached to a string of three phosphate groups, may split off into an inorganic phosphate ion and turns ATP into ADP |
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