AP Bio
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39 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Carbohydrate | A sugar or one of its dimers or polymers. |
| Enantiomers | One of two molecules that are mirror images of each other. |
| Hydrocarbons | An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen. |
| Acid | a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| Macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. ex Polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids |
| Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
| Monosaccharide | The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas are generally some multiple of CH20. |
| Dehydration Reaction | A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water |
| Phospholipid | A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail |
| Hydrolysis | process that lyses molecules by the addition of water |
| molarity | the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
| Reductionism | Simplifying a complex system to make it easier to study. |
| Sulfhydryl | -SH |
| Carboxyl | -COOH |
| Adhesion | The attraction between different kinds of molecules. |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | A fatty acid with at least one double bond in the carbon tail reducing the number of hydrogen atoms. |
| Functional Groups | A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecule and usually involved in chemical reactions. |
| Hydrophobic | Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water. |
| Polymer | A long molecule made up of many similar/identical monomers linked together. |
| Polar Molecule | A molecule with opposite charges on opposite sides. |
| Disachharide | A double sugar made up of two monosachharides joined by dehydration synthesis. |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
| Saturated Fatty Acids | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton. |
| Theory | Explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses and supports by a large body of evidence. |
| Cohesion | Bonding of hydrogen molecules. |
| Lipid | One of a family of compounds including fats, phospholipids and steroids that are insoluble in water. |
| Polysaccharide | A polymer of up to 1000+ monosaccharides formed by dehydration reactions. |
| Systems Biology | The approach to studying the whole biological systems. |
| pH | The measure of the hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H+]. The measure of how acidic or basic something is on a scale of 0-14 |
| Solution | A liquid that is homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. |
| Hydrophilic | Having an affinity for water. |
| Buffer | A substance that consists of acids and bases and minimizes changes in pH when other acids or bases are added. |
| Prokaryotic Cell | A type of cell that doesn't have membrane-enclosed nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelle. |
| Eukrayotic Cell | A cell that has membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelle. |
| Isomer | Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties. |
| Genome | The complete complement of an organisms genes. |
| Positive Feedback | Physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers some mechanism that amplifys the change. |
| Negative Feedback | A primary mechanism of homeostasis where by a change in a physiological variable that triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation. |
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