| Term | Definition |
|---|
| species | group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring |
| gradualism | The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily |
| quadrapedal | walks on four legs |
| grooming | Indicates submission or reassurance in dominance hierarchies; picking through fur to remove dirt, parasites, and other materials that may be present. Reinforces social relationships. |
| speciation | formation of new species |
| arboreal | of or living in trees |
| brachiation | swinging by the arms from branch to branch |
| natal group | The group in which animals are born and raised. |
| homologies | Similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor. |
| analogies | Similarities between organisms based strictly on common function with no assumed common evolutionary descent. |
| punctuated equilibrium | pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change |
| diurnal | having a daily cycle or occurring every day |
| nocturnal | belonging to or active during the night |
| k-selection | individuals produce less offspring and invest increased parental care. |
| displays | behaviors that communicate emotional states |
| adaptive radiation | The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment, presenting a diversity of new opportunities and problems. |
| stereoscopic vision | depth perception;being able to tell distance. eyes are in front of the head |
| estrus | Period of sexual receptivity in female mammals (except humans), correlated with ovulation. |
| dominance hierarchy | ranking of individuals. higher rankings have more privileges |
| sexual dimorphism | differences in physical characteristics between males and females |
| omnivorous | feeding on both plants and animals |
| prehensile tail | could grasp just as hands and feet ; primates |
| behavioral ecology | study of evolutionary behavior; Study of how behaviors increase individual reproductive success |
| continental drift | movement of plates on earth's surface, Continents have moved slowly to their current locations |
| insectivore | any organism that feeds mainly on insects |
| frugivorous | feeding on fruit |
| primates limb structure(locomotion) | 5 fingers on each hand, grasping of hands and feet, opposable toes and thumbs, nails rather than claws . LOCOMOTION: QUADARPEDAL,BIPEDAL, NUCKLE WALKERS,BRACHIATE, PREHENSILE TAIL |
| primate (diet and teeth) | different kinds of teeth permit them to eat different kinds of food |
| primate(senses) | rely less on smell, most primates have color vision, most primates are diurnal,primates have stereoscopic vision |
| primates(brain) | primates have larger brains related to their body size |
| primates(learning) | primates rely more on their behavior as opposed to instinct |
| primates (maturation) | primates have fewer offspring because they invest time on them, delay maturation, longer life span, longer periods of gestations |
| primates(behavior) | tendency to live in social groups and tendency to perform activities during the day. |
| arboreal adaptation | idea that earlier primates lived in trees, they would come down for food,fruit trees were evolving at the same time |
| visual predation hypothesis | idea that there was time that primates needed to know how far things were, grasping of hands also came from this time, color vision was needed to see ripness of food. |
| prosimians | considered to be the oldest, are more like mammals than primates,quadrupedal,rely on sense of smell, eyes on side of the face, shorter gestation and maturation periods,have grooming claw |
| anthropoids | reduced reliance on sense of smell,eyes in front of face,greater degree of color vision, no grooming claw,longer gestation and maturation periods,increased parental care |
| alternative classification of great apes | traditional=humans were a separate family/ revised=chimps and human together |
| dominance behavior | aggressive, impose order,dominant get more resources, you learn to be dominant |
| communication | transmitting information with out language, facial expression, gestures, etc |
| aggression | somehow related to establishing your position |
| affiliative | friendly behavior |
| altruism | doing something without expecting anything in return |
| reproductive strategies and reproduction | infanticide, killikng of a child to enhance your chances to matting with victim's mom |
| cultural behavior | learned behavior different to other groups,example: food preferences appropriate behavior, tool use , etc |
| achievements in non human primates according to language | showing affection and communicating emotion and fear |
| traits that distinguish humans from other primates | only bipedal hominids, compleatly dependent on culture, reduced canine size teeth, ability to write and think |
| current threats of primary populations in africa | habitat destruction, hunting for food, live capturing for local and trade |
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