| Term | Definition |
|---|
| open-field system | prevalent agricultural system in much of Europe from the Middle Ages to as recently as the 20th century in places. Under this system, each manor or village had several very large unfenced fields, farmed in strips by individual families. |
| agricultural revolution | The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled (600) |
| enclosure | in England in the 1700s, the process of taking over and fencing off public lands |
| Enclosure Act | Engish laws in which public grazing lands were divided up into parcels of land and sold to private owners |
| cottage industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution. |
| domestic industry | families would make stuff to supplement agricultural income during hard times |
| textiles | fabrics that are woven or knitted; material for clothing |
| extended family | household made up of several generations of family members |
| nuclear family | family made up of parents, children, and occasionally grandparents |
| foundlings home | 1700's orphanage |
| Edward Jenner (enlish) | English physician who pioneered vaccination |
| smallpox | a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau (french) | FRENCH "Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains."; "Society corrupts mane's natural goodness."; wrote "Emile" and thinks man should not learn from books, didn't agree with many other philosophers. |
| William Harvey (english) | English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood |
| apothecary | a health professional trained in the art of preparing and dispensing drugs |
| Edwin Chadwick (english) | ENGLISH. Edwin Chadwick believed that disease could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment. This was called his "sanitary idea". Chadwick correctly believed that the stinking excrement of communal outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at less than one twentieth of the cost of removing it by hand. Chadwick's reports on sanitary conditions became the basis of Great Britain's first public health law, which created a national health board and gave cities broad authority to build modern sanitary systems. |
| John Locke (enlish) | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. knowledge is derived from sensory experience. influence the Declaration of Independence. |
| Montesquieu (french) | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) |
| Marquis de Lafayette (french) | French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution (1757-1834) |
| Voltaire (french) | French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778) |
| American Revolution | the revolution of the American colonies against Great Britain |
| Thomas Jefferson | 3rd President of the United States! chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826) |
| Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain |
| U.S. Constitution | The government of the United States. A set of principles (guidelines) that describe the duties and powers of the government. |
| Seven Years War | Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be more dominant. Ended by the Treaty of Paris of 1763. Ended colonial competition in india between great britain and france. |
| Treaty of Paris | This treaty ended the Seven Years War in 1763 |
| Battle of Saratoga | a battle during the American Revolution (1777) the British under Burgoyne were defeated. |
| Battle of Yorktown | Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781. |
| Stamp Act | an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents |
| King George III (english) | King of England during the American Revolution. British monarch that wanted to enforce the proclamation and also keep peace with Britain's Native American allies. Kept 10, 000 soldiers in the colonies. |
| Boston Tea Party | demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor. organized as a protest against taxes on tea. |
| Intolerable Act | Set up by King George III's Parliament. 1) shut down Boston Harbor 2)Quartering Act 3)Martial Law. punish Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party. |
| George Washington | 1st President of the United States. commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. |
| Adam Smith (Scottish) | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) |
| capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership of capital |
| laissez-faire | a policy based on the idea that bovernment sould play as small a role as possible in the ecomony |
| Thomas Malthus (english) | an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834) |
| entrepreneurship | the process of starting, organizing, managing, and assuming the responsibility for a business |
| average age expectancy of someone born in 1700's | 25 years old |
| average age expectancy of someone born in the 1800's | 35 years old |
| !!!1776!!! | Declaration of Independence is signed by American colonies, official beginning of American Revolution; Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations |
| !!!1789!!! | U.S. Constitution goes into effect; George Washington becomes the first President. |
| !!!July 14, 1789!!! | Bastille Day(French Independence Day) French Revolution begins this year. |
| !!!1815!!! | Battle of Waterloo ends Napoleon's reign in Europe. |
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