| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Element | A substance that cant be broken down into simpler chemical substances |
| Atom | The smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element |
| Nucleus | The center of an atom |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| Compound | A susbtance that is compose of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically combined |
| Covalent Bond | When two atoms share electrons such as hydrogen sharing with oxygen and water the force that holds them together |
| Molecule | A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds and having no overall charge |
| Ion | A charge particle |
| Ionic Bond | The atttractive force between two ions of opposite charge |
| Metabolism | All of the chemical reactions that occur within in a organism |
| Mixture | A combination of substances in which the individual components retain their own properties |
| Solution | A mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in another substance |
| pH | A measure of how a acidic or basic a solution is |
| Acid | Any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water |
| Base | Any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water |
| Polar Molecule | when atoms in a covalent bond do not share electrons equally |
| Hydrogen bond | this attraction of opposite charger between hydrogen and oxygen forms a weak bond |
| Diffusion | this mixture is the result of the random moment of corn syrup molecules |
| Dynamic equilibrium | this condition where there is continuous movement but no overall concentration change |
| Isomers | compounds that have the same simple formula but different three dimensional structures |
| Polymer | cells build macromolecules by bonding small molecules together to form chains |
| Carbohydrate | an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the ration of about two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom in every carbon atom |
| Lipids | organic compunds that have a large proportion of C-H bonds and less oxygen than carbohydrates |
| Protein | a large complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen oxygen nitrogen, and sulfur |
| Amino Acids | the basic building blocks of protein |
| Peptide Bond | The covalent bond formed between the amino acids |
| Enzyme | A protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction |
| Nucleic Acid | is a complex macromolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code |
| Nucleotides | Nucleic acids are polymers made of smaller subunits callled nucleotides |
| Cells | The basic units in living organisms |
| Compound Light microscopes | Use of series of lenses to magnify objects in lights |
| Cell theory | The theory that all organisms are composed of cells,the cell is the basic unit of organization or organism,all cells come from pre existing cells |
| Electron Microscope | A new type of microscope in the 1940's |
| Prokaryotes | The cells of most unicellular organisms such as bacteria do not have membrane bound structures |
| Eukaryrotes | Most of the multicellular plants and animals we know have cells containing membrane bounds structures |
| Organelles | The membrane bound structures within the eukaryote cells |
| Plasma membrane | the boundary between the cell and its environment, to allow a steady supply of these nutrients to come into the cell no matter what the external conditions are |
| Homeostasis | the process of maintaining the cell's environment |
| Selective permeability | a process in which the plasma membrane of the cell allows some molecules into the cell while keeping others out |
| Phospholipids | lipids with a polsphate group attached to them |
| Fluid mosaic model | the model of the plasma membrane |
| Transport proteins | creates the selectively permeable membrane thaat regulates which molecules enter and which molecules leave a cell |
| Chromatin | the master set of directions for making proteins |
| Cytoplasm | the clear gelatinous fluid inside a cell |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | the site of cellular chemical reactions |
| Golgi apparatus | a flattened system of tubular membranes that modifies the proteibns |
| Vacuoles | cells have membrane bound spaces |
| Lysosomes | organelles that contain digestive enzymes |
| Chloroplasts | are cells organelles that capture light energy and produce food to store for a later time |
| Plastids | The chloroplast belongs to a group of plant organelles |
| Chlorophyll | Traps light energy and gives leaves and stems their green color |
| Mitochondria | Are membrane-bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell |
| Cytoskeleton | Is composed of a variety of tiny rods and filaments that form a framework for the cell,like the skeleton that forms the framework for your body |
| Microtubules | Are thin, hollow cylinders made of protein |
| Microfilaments | Are thin, solid protein fibers |
| Cilia | Are short ,numerous,hairlike projections that move in a wavelike motion |
| Flagella | Are longer projections that move with a whiplike motion |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable mebrane |
| Isotonic solution | The concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell |
| Hypotonic Solution | The concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concretration inside the cell |
| Hypertonic solution | The concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell |
| Passive Transport | cells that use no energy to move these particles;Therefore this movement of particles across membranes by diffusion |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The passive transport of materials across the plasma membrane with the aid of transport proteins |
| Active Transport | Movement of materials through a membrane against a concentration gradient |
| Endocytosis | Is a process by which a cell surrounds and takes in material from its enviroment |
| Exocytosis | Is the explusion or secretion of materials from a cell |
| Chrosomes | Structures which contain DNA and become darkly colored when stained |
| Chromatin | Long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins |
| Cell Cycle | is the sequence of growth and divison of a cell |
| Interphase | The majority of a cell's life is spent in the growth period |
| Prophase | The first and longest phase of mitosis the long stringy chromatin coils up into visible chromosomes |
| Sister Chromatids | The two halves of the double structure |
| Centromere | A structure that holds together sister chromatids |
| Centrioles | Small dark cylindrical structures that are made of microtubules and are located outside the necleus |
| Spindle | A football shape cagelike structure consisting of thin fibers made of microtubules |
| Metaphase | The short second phase of mitosis |
| Anaphase | The third face of mitosis |
| Telophase | The final phase of mitosis |
| Cytokinesis | A process in which the cell's cytoplasm divides tissue |
| Tissue | Cell growth and reproduction result in group of cells that work together to preform and specific function |
| Organs | Tissue that organize in various combinations |
| Organ System | Multiple organs that work together |
| Cancer | One result of uncontrol cell division |
| Gene | A segment of DNA that controls the production of a protein |
| Adenosine triphosphate | the name of an energy molecule |
| Adenosine diphosphate | adds a more substancial amount of energy that is required to force the two phosphate groups together |
| Photosynthesis | A proccess plants use to trap the sun's energy and build carbohydrates called glucose that store energy |
| light-dependent reactions | convert light energy into chemical energy |
| light-independent reactions | produce glucose |
| pigment | molecules that absorb a specific wavelength of sunlight |
| chlorophyll | the most common pigment |
| Electron transport chain | a series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane |
| NADP+ | (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is used and this is an electron carrier molecule |
| Photolysis | the oxygen of photolysis supplies the oxygen we breathe |
| Calvin cycle | the second phase of photosynthesis that does not require light |
| Cellular Respiration | the process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP. |
| Anaerobic | the first stage of cellular respiration in which no oxygen is required |
| Citric acid cycle | a series of chemical reactions similar to the Calvin cycle in that one of the molecules needed for the first reaction is also one of the end products |
| Lactic acid fermantation | Is one of the processes that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce |
| Alcoholic Fermantation | Is used by, among others,yeast cells to produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol |
Combine with other sets
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