| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Stadtholder | Dutch hereditary chief excecutive; A hereditary chief executor over provinces in Holland. Ex: William III of Orange (1650-1702) |
| William III of Orange | Turned to United Powers to establish a monarchial regime, death allowed republican forces to gain control |
| Parliamentary monarchy | A limited monarchy where the monarch is subject to the law and the consent of parliament |
| Political absolutism | strong centralized monarchies, where the royal power is dominant |
| Dutch East Indies Company | Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed. |
| James I | the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625) |
| Impositions | taxes passed by James I based on past customs duties known as tonnage and poundage |
| Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. |
| Hampton Court Conference | James I rebuffed the Puritans and firmly declared his intention to maintain the Anglican episcopacy. |
| Charles I | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649 |
| Petition of Right | Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; No imprisonment without due cause; no taxes levied without Parliament's consent; soldiers not housed in private homes; no martial law during peace time. |
| Archbishop William Laud | Wanted to impose Anglican episcopacy system on Scotland and make people follow the "book of common prayer". This started english civil war. Charles I supported him. Was executed for treason. |
| Short Parliament | (1640) Scottish military revolt in 1640 occurred when Charles attempted to impose the English Prayer Book on Scottish Presbyterian Church-needed new taxes-Parliament reconvened-refusal of Petition of Right-disbanded after a month |
| Long Parliament | (1640-1648) desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years; ship money abolished; leaders of persecution of Puritans to be tried and executed; Star Chamber abolished; common law courts supreme to king's courts; refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolt-Puritans came to represent majority in Parliament |
| Cavaliers | Supporters of the King in the English Civil War |
| Roundheads | Puritan supporters of Parliment, fighting the English Civil War from 1642-1649 |
| Oliver Cromwell | English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658), As Lord Protector of England he used his army to control the government and constituted military dictatorship. |
| Charles II | King of England who restored the monarchy after the English Civil War. |
| Clarendon Code | Ultra-royalist in Parliament enacted a series of laws that excluded Roman Catholics and Presbyterians from religious and political life |
| Test Act | Parliament passed this in response to Charles II's declaration of indulgences; required all military members to swear an oath against transubstantiation. |
| Declaration of Indulgence | In an attempt to unite the people behind the war with Holland, Charles II issues a declaration suspending all laws against Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants |
| James II | This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government |
| Glorious Revolution | Bloodless overthrow of King James II that ended the Dominion and established William and Mary as the new leaders. |
| English Bill of Rights | King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people. |
| Act of Settlement | Provided that the English crown would go to the German Hanovers if none of Queen Anne's children survived |
| Robert Walpole | Dominated English politics from 1721 till 1742 based on his royal support, ability to handle the House of Commons and control over government patronage |
| Cardinal Mazarin | Successor of Cardinal Richelieu and his bad attempts to increase royal revenue and the state lead to the Fronde |
| Fronde | Nobles revolted against Mazarin-Louis XIV. Louis is now determined to control nobles. |
| Louis XIV | "The Sun King", King of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) |
| Parlements | Local regional governing bodies to which Louis XIV gave considerable power |
| Versailles | A palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles |
| Bishop Bossuet | Tutor of Louis XIV who taught about the divine right of the monarchy, which helped secure Louis' ideal of absolute monarchy |
| "L'etat, c'est moi" | I am the State |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | French Minister of Finance under Louis XIV |
| Jansenism | Religious order that came from the Roman Catholic Church opposed to the teachings of the Jesuits |
| Revocation of the Edict of Nantes | The absolutism of France attempted to control religion. Thus in 1605, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes by which his Grandfather Henry IV had granted liberty of conscience to the French Huguenots. The new law ordered the destruction of churches, the closing of schools, the catholic baptism of the Huguenots, and the exile of the Huguenot pastors who had refused to renounce their faith. There were many conversions of the Huguenots, many of them forced. Many Protestants fled the country. He revoked it because he hated division within the realm and insisted that religious unity was essential to his royal dignity and to the security of the state. Moreover, this was a better policy because when Louis permitted religious liberty, it was not a popular policy. (541) |
| War of the Spanish Succession | The war that resulted from the heirless death of Charles II; in order to prevent the union of the French and Spanish crowns, the Grand Alliance declared war on France and the French. |
| Peace of Utrecht | Ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy. Ended the War of Spanish Succession. |
| Duke of Orleans | Regent of France, messed up via parlament (he strengthened them) and the Mississippi Bubble affair |
| John Law | Financial manager of the kingdom, Developed the Mississippi Bubble for France |
| Pragmatic Sanction | Charles VI legal basis for a single line of inheritance within the Hapsburg dynasty putting his daughter Maria Theresa in charge |
| Maria Theresa | This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs |
| Hohenzollern | a German noble family that ruled Brandenburg and Prussia |
| Frederick William | Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688) |
| Junkers | German noble landlords |
| Frederick the Great | King of Prussia (1740–1786). Successful in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), he brought Prussia great military prestige in Europe. |
| Time of Troubles | Followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. |
| Boyars | Russian nobles |
| streltsy | Guards of the Moscow garrison |
| Peter the Great | Became the ruler of Russia and known for westernzing the country in order to be successful. He made Russia come out of their isolation and created the first navy. He soon moved his capital to St. Petersburg, where he expanded the size of Russia. |
| Great Northern War | War with Sweeden over control of Baltic, caused by Russia building St. Petersburg on Sweedish soil. (Russia wins) |
| St. Petersburg | Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweeden |
| Table of Ranks | Made a person's social position and privileges more important than lineage |
| Holy Synod | A body created by Peter to make decisions for the Church |
Combine with other sets
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