| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Why do people take drugs? (2) | To feel good (sensations, experiences, feelings), and to feel better (less anxiety, worry, fear, hopelessness) |
| What is tolerance? | Neuroadaptation to a psychoactive drug requiring increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effect |
| What happens in new environments in relation to tolerance? | Taken in a new environment means less conditioned response, and an enhanced effect of the drug |
| Who developed and what is the opponent process theory? | Solomon and Corbit, an A-reaction and B-reaction to everything |
| What is the A-reaction of the OPT? | euphoric, short lasting |
| What is the B-reaction of the OPT? | negative effects such as bad moods, cravings |
| What happens over time with A-reaction and B-reaction? | After many applications, the A-reacion will no longer have a positive effect, the B-reaction gets stronger: withdrawals; addicts need more substance for the same high |
| What is sensitisation? | An increase in the response to a drug after repeated (normally intermittent) exposure to a stimulant |
| What is the dose effect curve? | Even spread parabola, effect getting greater in the middle (x-axis = dose, y-axis = effect) |
| How does sensitisation affect the curve? | Shift to the left |
| How does tolerance affect the curve? | Shift to the right |
| How does efficacy affect the curve? | Higher efficacy = higher curve |
| How does potency affect the curve? | Less of a substance will give a higher effect |
| What natural rewards increase dopamine? (4) | Food, water, sex, nurturing |
| What can the affects be on, for drug addicts? (4) | Hippocampus (memory), Amygdala (fear response), Reward centre, motivation centre |
| Physical dependence theory of addiction | Take drugs to avoid the unpleasant consequences of withdrawal - treating withdrawal is treating addiction |
| Positive reinforcement theory of addiction | A response that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated |
| What are the problems with the positive reinforcement theory? (2) | Drug user does not necessarily lead to drug addict, dissociation between drug wanting and drug liking |
| Incentive-Sensitisation theory of addiction | Escalating drug use is due to sensitisaion of positive-incentive drug value (increase craving or wanting) |
| Points of the incentive-sensitisation theory (4) | Drugs change the brain, brain systems changed are motivation and reward, systems become sensitised, pleasurable effects are not sensitised |
| What do liking and wanting develop? | Liking develops tolerance, wanting develops sensitisation |
| What is the progressive ratio animal model? | Larger number of lever presses needed each time to get a drug |
| The point that a rat stops pushing a lever to get a drug is... | break-point, which gets lower with a lower drug reward, representing how much someone wants to work for a drug (motivational aspect) |
| What is the drug discrimination animal model technique? | Learns that two places provide food, place A with the feeling of heroin and place B without it (therefore, test drugs to see if they have similar effects as heroin) |
| What is the second order schedule? | Environmental Cues; Tapping a lever will produce a light which has been conditioned to mean food (which will only appear in set time intervals, unaffected by lever pressing), therefore the tapping of the lever will continue as long as the light remains |
Combine with other sets
Share on Facebook
Share on MySpace