The Early American Naturalists
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TnTechGirl on October 24, 2009
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HIST 4290
The Early American Naturalists
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Eusebio Kino | (1645 - 1711) Born in Italy and well trained in science, especially in math and astronomy. Sent to Mexico in 1861. His contributions include his observations while traveling and the make making he was involved in. He began his observations in Baja, then ... He established that California was not an island which was believed by the general population at this time. At the time of his death the public had still not adopted the idea of California not being an island. His observations were typical naturalists observations. He did not have an institutional framework to build on. |
| The Royal Society | (1662) focused on the experimental approach and also data gathering. Encouraged English colonials to send back specimens, descriptions, and more. |
| John Winthrop, Jr. | (1606 - 1676) was part of the intellectual establishment in Europe. He sent papers back to the Royal Society (RS) for publication. Because there were so many new plants and animals, the focused remained on observations and specimen collection. |
| John Clayton | (1657 - 1725) lived in Virginia and was a botanist. |
| John Banister | (1650 - 1692) lived in Virginia. His specimens and work are of exceptional quality. The major movement from just data collection to integrating into European knowledge. |
| Isaac Greenwood | (1702 - 1745) was an astronomer that studied at Harvard then in England. His studies in London provided more focus for his discipline. Came into direct contact with Thomas Hollis. He returns to Boston about three years later and begins giving public presentations on math and science leading to his position in 1727 as the first Hollis Professor of mathematics and natural philosophy. This appointment is significant because it is one of the first times that someone is making a living as a scientist. He regularly communicates with the RS and improves the math curriculum at Harvard. Greenwood is also important because he was the primary teacher of John Winthrop IV who had John Adams as a pupil. |
| Thomas Hollis | was wealthy and intrigued with the situation in the colonies. He endows a second chair at Harvard for science and math. Endowed chairs are important because they can hire someone to teach. |
| Peter Collinson | (1694 - 1768) is a Quaker merchant in London. He is wealthy, successful, and interested in the English colonies. Served as the go-between for the English colonies and the scientists. He created a huge communications network for the English colonies and scientists. This was the establishment of a scientific community in the colonies by the 1760s. |
| Carl Linnaeus | (1707 - 1778) was responsible for the classification of plants and animals. The people looking at these classifications began to see relationships. The contributions from the American scientists are based on their location |
| James Logan | is a throwback to the ways of doing science and important in Pennsylvania history and politics. The secretary to Penn who established Pennsylvania. Franklin and him were usually on different sides of any argument. Owned one of the largest private libraries which included one of the first editions of De Seneetute by Cicero. From the scientific standpoint, his significant contributions are in the sexual reproduction of plants. In his experimental garden, he made experimental observations - then recorded his results and sent them to the RS. In a notable experiment he used maze, or Indian corn, which is one of the best possible species for this experiment. His selection of maze was probably due to his location. |
| Cadwallader Colden | (1688 - 1776) from New York and trained as a physician. By the 1730s he was mostly retired from being a physician. He was part of the communication network. He had an observational focus in anthropology. After about a decade, he abandoned botany and anthropology and began studying physics. His physics was the downside of colonial science. His 1745 book An Explication of the First Causes of Action in Matter, was not based on any experiments but only on thoughts. He had not studied Newton's work and his work failed to explain how the planets moved. Argued that planets move around the sun because there is a force of gravity between the sun and planet that draws them together, he further claimed there are corpuscles of light radiated by the sun that balances the gravitational attraction. Readers did not accept this book and his ideas. He became a classic case of the downside of colonial science. |
| John Bartram | (1699 - 1777) was a botanist from Pennsylvania. Cited by Linnaeus as the greatest natural botanist in the world. Founded the first botanical garden in the United States. A participant in numerous expeditions through North America. Work was used by British naturalists. |
| Alexander Garden | (1730 - 1791) was a botanist from South Carolina. Made extensive observations in a concentrated area, which made a "bigger" splash when contrasted to observations made over a wide area. He was a fellow of the RS. |
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