| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Hsub2 | hydrogen |
| Hsub2O | water |
| NHsub3 | ammonia |
| CHsub4 | methane |
| four | carbon needs____more electrons |
| hydrocarbons | many important organic molecules are ________________ |
| shape | spacefilling diagram shows you what ____ a molecule has |
| branched | a carbon backbone may be ___________- |
| double | a carbon molecule could have a ________-bond |
| methane | 1 carbon |
| ethane | two carbons |
| propane | three carbons |
| octane | eight carbons |
| direction | the ______matters when drawing a diagram |
| glucose | a sugar that is found in starch and glycogen |
| direction | glucose found in starch has the same formula as glucose in cellulite except the differentiating factor is that the _________ of the molecules are switched |
| covalently, carbon atoms, organic compounds | functional groups: lone atoms or clusters of atoms that are _______ bonded to _______ of __________. |
| chemical and physical | functional groups have specific ____________ properties |
| reactive | functional groups are the ________ part of organic molecules |
| characteristics | functional groups affect the _________of organic molecules. |
| hydroxyl | an OH functional group at then end of a carbon backbone |
| aldehyde carbonyl | a double bonded oxygen at the end of the carbon chain |
| ketone carbonyl | double bonded oxygen in the middle of the carbon chain |
| carboxyl | a double bonded oxygen and an OH at the end of a carbon chain |
| aldehyde, ketone | the two types of carbonyl functional groups |
| amine | two hydrogens bonded to a nitrogen at the end of a carbon chain |
| phosphate | two O^-, one O, and one double bonded O to a phosphorus molecule that is at the end of a carbon chain. |
| sulfhydryl | SH at the end of a carbon chain. |
| functional group transfer | first of five categories of reactions |
| electron transfer | second of five categories of reactions |
| rearrangement | third of five categories of reactions |
| condensation | fourth of five categories of reactions |
| hydrolysis | last of five categories of reactions |
| condensation | take out water (Hsub2O) |
| hydrolysis | add water (Hsub2O) |
| lyse | to split open |
| two saccharides | disaccharide |
| maltose | double sugar |
| saccharide | a fancy word for sugar |
| polymer | made up of repeating sub units |
| poly | many |
| mer | unit |
| starch | a polysaccharide |
| ose | all sugars end in _____ |
| condensation | monomers are joined by ___________ reactions |
| cellulose | what plants use to build their cell walls (we cannot digest it) |
| starch | the way plants store sugar from photosynthesis (lines) |
| glycogen | animal starch(branched) |
| chitin | a sugar that makes up the shells of arthropods |
| carbon: hydrogen: oxygen | the 1:2:1 ratio |
| fats, phosopholipids, sterols, waxes | lipids, list 4 |
| tryglyceride | one glycerol and three fatty acids |
| covalent | the type of bond between glycerol and a fatty acid |
| different | different fatty acids make up _________- triglycerids |
| saturated fats | (tend to be) solid at room temperature (they are not good for you and cause heart disease)(mostly animal) |
| unsaturated fats | (tend to be) liquid at room temperature (mostly plant) |
| kink | unsaturated fats have a _____ in them. |
| cis, trans fat | the kink in unsaturated fats can take two forms, ____ and ____ in one or more of the fatty acids |
| hydrogenation | the chemical reaction that results from the addition of hydrogen (Hsub2) |
| double bonds, melting point | all ___________ affect the __________ of the triglyceride |
| phospholipid | makes up the membranes in cells |
| positive | choline is ___(the charge) |
| negative | phosphate is ____ (the charge) |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | water fearing |
| polar | the hydrophilic head is ________ (polarity) |
| nonpolar | the hydrophobic tails are ________(polarity) |
| cholesterol | has a fused four-ring structure with aditional side groups. it is important in membrane structure and the sex hormones are derived from it. |
| O and OH | the difference between estrogen and testosterone is that the _______________ are switched |
| waxes | long chains of fatty acids connected to alchohals. both plants and animals secrete them as a protective cover |
| proteins | made up of amino acids. also made of CHONS (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur) |
| enzymes, structure, transport channels into cells, nutritional substance, hormones, cell identifiers, antibodies, contractile and motor proteins | how/where are proteins used? (8 answers list them all) |
| peptide | the covalent bond in a protein is called a ______ bond |
| polypeptide | a long string of amino acids polymenized together |
| ine | amino acids tend to end in _________ |
| general formula for an amino acid | center carbon bonded to a hydrogen, a nitrate group, a carboxyl group, and a variable group |
| primary structure | amino acid sequence |
| beta pleat, alpha helix | list two secondary structures |
| tertiary structure | how the protein folds |
| quaternary structure | several polypeptides combined |
| PROTEINS HAVE SHAPE | a very VERY VERY important fact about proteins |
| 100 | a polypeptide becomes a protein when it has more than ___ amino acids |
| primary structure | a change in the order of amino acids changes the ______________ |
| appears, looks | the primary structure declares where the secondary structures ______ and how the tertiary structure ______. |
| hemoglobin | the iron containing oxygen transport mechanisms of red blood cells |
| the lock and key hypothesis | the reactant fits in the enzyme the way a key fits in a lock. this reaction is reversable |
| active site | where the reactant enters the enzyme |
| enzyme substrate complex | when an enzyme enters the reaction |
| enzymes | there is not a chemical reaction, that occurs in cells, that is not mediated by _________ |
| organic catalyst | an enzyme is an _______ |
| enters reaction, lowers activation energy level, speed up reactions, not used up | enzymes ____________ |
| denature | every enzyme has an optiomal pH and temperature, when the enzyme is not there, they ___________ |
| clogging, active site | some poisons work by ______ up the __________. |
| endused fit hypothesis | like the lock and key hypothesis but the active site morphs to fit the reactants |
| nucleotide | consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing base. they are the fundamental units that are made of CHNOP and are polymerized to form neucleic acids |
| nucleotides | _________: nucleic acids :: amino acids : proteins::sugars:carbohydrates |
| amino acids | nucleotides: nucleic acids :: ___________: proteins::sugars:carbohydrates |
| sugars | nucleotides: nucleic acids :: amino acids : proteins::_______:carbohydrates |
| atp | a nucleotide (and nucleic acid) that has a string of three phosphate groups attached to a sugar component. It can readily transfer phosphate groups to many other molecules inside cells. It's ablity to transfer phosphate groups make it very important (it is a monomer)(adenosine triphosphate) |
| NAD^+ | a player in aerobic respiration (also very important for regulating cell metabolisms) (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) |
| adenosine triphosphate | atp's full name |
| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide | NAD^+ |
| DNA | the code for the primary structure of proteins. it consists of four kinds of nucleotides: cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanime |
| cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine | the nucleotides that make up DNA |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA's full name |
| the other half | if we know half of a DNA strand we also know ____________________-- |
| pyrimidine | one ring structure |
| purine | two ring structure |
| cytosine, thymine | the two pyrimidines |
| guanine, adenine | the two purines |
| food | we get spare nucleotides from ___________ |
| pair bond | to pair up |
| hydrogen bond | there is a _________between the nucleotides in DNA |
| CHsub2O | short hand for writing sugar |
| covalent | there is a _______ bond between CHsub2O and the nitrogenous base |
| deoxyribose lost an oxygen | what is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose? |
| RNA | like DNA but uses ribose instead of deoxyribose. also has uracil instead of thymine |
| ribonucleic acid | RNA's full name |
| to get RNA or when a cell is dividing in mitosis or meiosis | when might you want to break the hydrogen bonds in dna? |
Combine with other sets
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