chapter 3
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Created by:
princesa952 on October 25, 2009
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Description:
water and the fitness of the environment
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38 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 polar covalent bond | bonds formed between water molecules with unequally shared electrons |
| polar molecule | molecule in which opposite ends have opposite electric charges, many molecules linked by multiple hydrogen bonds |
| cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | an attraction between molecules of different substances |
| surface tension | a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
| kinetic energy | the energy of motion |
| heat | a measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter |
| temperature | measure intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of the molecules |
| calorie (cal) | unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure |
| specific heat | The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C. |
| 1cal/g/C | the specific heat of H2O |
| heat of vaporization | the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state |
| evaporative cooling | hottest molecule in liquid is most likely to leave, so temp decreases |
| ice | 10% less dense than a liquid at 4C |
| ice | forms when hydrogen bonds are colder and therefore more stable |
| liquid | forms when hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and re-forming |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
| solvent | dissolving agent of a solution |
| solute | the substance that is dissolved |
| aqueous solution | solution in which water is the solvent |
| hydration shell | sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion |
| hydrophilic | Water Loving |
| hydrophobic | water hating, lipid loving |
| molarity | the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
| acid | a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| acid | HCl |
| weak acid | acid that reversibly releases and reaccepts hydrogen ions. |
| weak acid | carbonic acid |
| base | a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| weak base | a base that accepts a hydrogen atom |
| strong base | a base that completely dissociates in solution to form hydrogen ions |
| pH | a unit that represents a 10-fold difference in [H+] and [OH-] |
| [H+] > [OH-] | a solution that is acidic with a pH< 7 |
| [H+] = [OH-] | a solution that is neutral with a pH= 7 |
| [H+] < [OH-] | a solution that is basic with a pH> 7 |
| buffer | substance that maintains a fairly constant pH in a solution by accepting H+ ions when their levels rise and donating H+ ions when their levels fall |
| Le Chatelier's Principle | a change in any of the factors determining equlibrium will cause the system to adjust to reduce the effect of the change |
| acid precipitation | rain, snow, or fog with a pH< 5.6 that results fromt he reaction between water vapor and sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides produced by the combustion of fossil fuels |
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