| Term | Definition |
|---|
| energy balance | energy intake matches the energy expended, primarily through basal metabolism and physical activity |
| positive engery balance | energy intake is greater than energy expended, resulting in weight gain. |
| negative energy | energy intake is less than energy expended, resulting in weight loss. |
| bomb colorimeter | an instrument used to determine the calorie content of a food |
| basal metabolism | the minimal amount of calories the body uses to support itself in a fasting state when resting and awake in a warm, quiet enviornment. It amounts to roughly 1kcal per kilogram per hour for men and .9 kcal per kilogram per hour for women; these values are often referred to as BMR. |
| resting metabolism | the amount of calories the body uses when the person has not eaten in 4 hrs and is resting and awake in a warm, quiet environment. It is roughly 6% higher than basal metabolism due to the less strict criteria for the test; often referred to as RMR. |
| lean body mass | body weight minus fat storage weight equals lean body mass. this includes organs such as the bran, muscles, and liver, as well as bone and blood and other body fluids. |
| thermic effect of food | the increase in metabolism that occurs during the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients. this represents 5% to 10% of calories consumed. |
| thermogenesis | this term encompasses the ability of humans to regulate body temperature within narrow limits. two visible examples of thermogenesis are fidgeting and shivering when cold. |
| brown adipose tissue | a specialized form of adipose tissure that produces large amounts of head by metabolizing energy-yielding nutrients without synthesizing much useful energy for the body. the unused energy is released as heat. |
| direct calorimetry | a method of determining a bodys energy use by measuring heat released from the body. an insulated chamber is usually used. |
| indirect calorimetry | a method to measure energy use by the body of measuring oxygen uptake. formulas are then used to convert this gas exchange value into energy use. |
| body mass index | weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; a value of 25 and above indicates overweight and a value of 30 and above indicates obesity. |
| underwater weighing | a method of estimating total body fat by weighing the individual on a standard scale and then weighing him or her again submerged in water. The difference between the two weights is used to estimate total body volume. |
| air displacement | a method for estimating body composition that makes use of the volume of space taken up by a body inside a small chamber. |
| bioelectrical impedance | a method to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current. the more fat storage a person has, the more impedance (resistance) to electrical flow will be exhibited. |
| dual energy Xray absorptiometry | a highly accurate method of measuring body composition and bone mass and density using multiple low-energy xrays. |
| upper body obesity | the type of obesity in which fat is stored primarily in the abdominal area; defined as a wasit circumference more than 40 in. in men and more than 35 in. in women; closely associated with a high risk for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Also known as android obesity. |
| lower body obesity | the type of obesity in which fat storage is primarily located in the buttocks and thigh area. also known as gynoid or gynecoid obesity. |
| identical twins | two offspring that develop from a single ovum and sperm and consequently, have the same genetic makeup. |
| set point | often refers to the close regulation of body weight. it is not known that cells control this set point or how it functions in weight regulation. There is evidence, however, that mechanisms exist that help regulate weight. |
| food insecurity | a condition of anxiety regarding running out of either food or money to buy more food |
| chain breaking | breaking the link between two or more behaviors that encourage overeating, such as snacking while watching tv. |
| stimulus control | altering the enviornment to minimize the stimuli for eating- ex. removing foods from sight and storing them in kitchen cabinets. |
| cognitive restructuring | changing ones frame of mind regarding eating- ex. instead of using a difficult day as an excuse to overeat, substituting other pleasures for rewards such as relaxing walk with a friend |
| contingency management | forming a plan of action to respond to a situation in which overeating is likely, such as when snacks are within arms reach at a party |
| self-monitoring | tracking foods eaten and conditions affecting eating; actions are usually recorded in a diary, along with location, time,a nd state of mind. this is a tool to help people understand more about their eating habits. |
| relapse prevention | a series of strategies used to help prevent and cope with weight control lapses, such as recognizing high risk situations and deciding beforehand on appropriate responses. |
| amphetamine | a group of medications that induce stimulation of the central nervous system and have other effects in the body. Abuse is linked to physical and psychological dependence. |
| very low calorie diet | this diet allows a person 400 to 800 kcal per day, often in liquid form. Of this, 120 to 480 kcal is carbohydrate,a nd the rest is mostly high-quality protein. |
| bariatrics | the medical specialty focusing on the treatment of obesity |
| adjustable gastric banding | a restrictive procedure in which the opening from the esophagus to the stomach is reduced by a hollow gastric band. |
| gastroplasty | Gastric bypass surgery performed on the stomach to limit its volume to apporximately 20 milliliters. also referred to as stomach stapling. |
| underweight | a body mass index below 18.5. the cutoff is less precise than for obesity because this condition has been less studied. |
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