Endocrinology 1
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77 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Pituitary Disorders | Disorders of growth Disorders of fluid management |
| Parathyroid Disorders | Disorders of calcium homeostasis |
| Thyroid Disorders | Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Thyroiditis Thyroid Cancer |
| Adrenal Disorders | Cushing's Syndrome, Addison's Disease Disorders of fluid and electrolyte balance |
| Metabolic disorders and disorders of glucose regulation | Diabetes Mellitus (types 1 and 2) Metabolic Syndrome Insulin resistance |
| Gonad and Reproductive Dysfunction | Hypogonadism |
| What is endocrinology | Regulating the flow of information |
| Endocrine | Internal secretion of biologically active substances (hormones) |
| Exocrine | External secretion of substances |
| Classic Endocrine Glands | Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Pancreas Adrenal Glands Testes/Ovaries Thymus |
| Diffuse Endocrine System | Kidney Heart Adipose tissue Liver Stomach/small intestine Placenta |
| Hypothalamus | Regulates hunger, thirst, sleep and wakefulness plus most of your involuntary mechanisms including body temperature |
| Pituitary Gland | Controls all other endocrine glands; influences growth, metabolism and regeneration |
| Thyroid Glands | Regulates your energy and your metabolism |
| Parathyroid | Secretes the hormones necessary for calcium absorption |
| Pancreas | Aids in the digestion of protein, fats and carbohydrates. Produces insulin which controls blood sugar levels |
| Thymus | Helps build resistance to disease |
| Ovaries/Testes | Influences how your blood circulates and determines your mental vigor and our sex drive |
| Adrenal Glands | Secretes hundreds of compounds including cortisone & adrenaline which helps you react to emergencies. Regulates your metabolic processes in the cells, water balance, blood pressure, ect. |
| Hormone Functions | Response to stress and injury Energy metabolism Regulation of growth, development and reproduction Fluid and electrolyte balance Regulation of vital function |
| What are hormones? | Chemical "messengers" secreted into the blood or extracellular fluid |
| Steroid Hormones | Derived from cholesterol Exert effect on cell nucleus E.g. Testosterone, Estrogens, progestins and Corticosteroids |
| Fatty Acids | Important paracrine factors Eicosanoids (Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins) |
| Protein/peptide hormones | Interact with receptors on plasma membrane at cell surface Insulin, growth hormone, ADH |
| Amino Acid Derivatives | Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine and Thyroid hormones |
| Cell surface receptors | Protein and peptides, catecholamines and eicosanoids Generation of second messenger which alter the activity of other molecules-usually enzymes-with the cell |
| Intracellular receptors | Steroids and thyroid hormones Alter transcriptional activity of responsive genes |
| Hormone Endocrine Function | Distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells |
| Hormone Paracrine Function | Affect neighboring cells |
| Hormone Autocrine Function | Act on receptors in same cell |
| Hormone Juxtacrine Function | Signals adjacent cell |
| Hormone regulation is affected by what? | Rate of production Bound vs free (free is biologically active form Rate of delivery Rate of degradation and elimination (Half-life) |
| Negative Feedback | Outputs of the pathway INHIBIT inputs to the pathway. |
| Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) | Produced and secreted by the Hypothalamus Stimulates TSH and prolactin |
| Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) | Produced and secreted by the Hypothalamus Stimulates FSH and LH |
| Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) | Produced and secreted by the Hypothalamus Stimulates ACTH, endorphins |
| Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) | Produced and secreted by the Hypothalamus Stimulates growth hormone |
| Dopamine (DA) | Produced by the Hypothalamus and secreted by the adrenal medulla Released in response to stress Inhibits Prolactin |
| Somatostatin | Inhibits growth hormone, TSH |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | Produced in the Hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary Helps conserve fluid Also called Vasopressin Controls free water reabsorption Stimulates CRH Vasoconstriction Gluconeogenesis Target: Kidney tubules |
| Oxytocin | Produced in the Hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary Stimulates milk let-down and uterine contractions Target: Uterine muscles, mammary glands |
| Growth Hormone | Produced and secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Stimulates release of IGF-1 Affects carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism Promotes linear growth Target: Entire body |
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Produced and secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Stimulates release of T3 and T4 by thyroid Target: Thyroid |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | Produced and secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles Supports sperm cell maturation Target: Testes or ovaries |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | Produced and secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Stimulates estrogen and progesterone production Responsible for ovulation Stimulates testosterone production in males Target: Testes or ovaries |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | Produced and secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Stimulates secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex: Glucocorticoids (cortisol), Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), and Androgens Target: Adrenal cortex |
| Prolactin | Produced and secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Stimulates production of milk High levels inhibit FSH and GnRH Target: Mammary glands |
| Pineal Gland | Located in the brain Known as "Third eye" Synthesizes and secretes Melatonin Communicates information about environmental light. |
| Thyroxine (T4) | Produced and secreted by the Thyroid |
| Triiodothyronine (T3) | Produced and secreted by the Thyroid |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | Produced and secreted by the Parathyroid Glands Regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in the extracellular fluid |
| catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine | Secreted by the Adrenal Medulla Released in response to stress Increase vasoconstriction (Raising blood pressure) Intensify heart rate and cardiac output Increase ciliary muscle contraction (dilate pupils) Stimulate lipolysis and glycogenolysis for energy production Decrease Intestinal motility |
| Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone) | Produced and secreted by the Adrenal Cortex Regulates sodium and potassium in extracellular fluids Necessary for life |
| Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) | Produced and secreted by the Adrenal Cortex Increases and maintains glucose concentrations in the blood Exerts potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects on the body |
| Adrenal Androgens | Produced and secreted by the Adrenal Cortex -DHEA, DHEA sulfate and androstenedione Converted to more potent androgens in the periphery (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) |
| Insulin | Produced and secreted by the Beta cells of the Pancreas Promotes storage of ingested nutrients Binds to receptor on the surface of target cell to promote storage in many ways |
| Amylin | Produced and secreted by the Beta cells of the Pancreas Inhibits the appearance of glucose in the plasma Slows gastric emptying Reduces appetite Inhibits secretion of glucagon |
| Glucagon | Produced and secreted by the Alpha cells of the Pancreas Makes energy available to the tissues |
| Somatostatin | Produced and secreted by the Alpha cells of the Pancreas Inhibits growth hormone, insulin and glucagon |
| Pancreatic Polypeptide | Produced and secreted by the PP cells of the Pancreas Self regulation of the pancreas (endocrine and exocrine) |
| Estrogen, Progesterone and Androgens | Produced and secreted by the Ovaries Development of secondary sexual characteristics Reproduction |
| Androgens (testosterone) | Produced and secreted by the Testes Differentiation of male genital system during fetal development Growth of genital organs during puberty Stimulate skeletal muscle growth, hair growth and growth of larynx Affect behavior Stimulate erythropoesis (production of red blood cells) |
| Renin | Produced by the Kidneys Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I Critical in control of blood pressure |
| Erythropoietin | Secreted by the Kidneys Essential for production of red blood cells |
| Natriuretic Peptides | Produced by the heart Induce natriuresis (lowering blood pressure) |
| Peptide and Steroid Hormones from Adipose | Produced from Adipose Tissue Energy homeostasis Glucose and lipid metabolism Vascular homeostasis Immune response Reproduction |
| Positive Feedback Example | Childbirth. Oxytocin Stimulates and enhances labor contractions. As the baby moves toward the vagina, pressure receptors send messages to produce oxytocin. Oxytocin goes to the uterus and causes the muscles in the uterine wall to contract stronger. |
| Hyperfunction | Excess Tumors (ectopic production) Autoimmune stimulation Hyperplasia (gland frozen and produced too many hormones) |
| Hypofunction | Deficiency Autoimmune disease Destruction of gland - tumor, hemorrhage, infiltrative process |
| Primary Disease | Disorder of downstream gland |
| Secondary Disease | Defect in the pituitary gland |
| Tertiary Disease | Dysfunction of hypothalamus |
| Endocrine Disorders | Defects in hormone biosynthesis Resistance to hormones Cell growth and cancer Oncogenes |
| Stimulation Test | Used when hypofunction is suspected Test the gland's ability to secrete hormone. |
| Suppression tests | Used when hyperfunction of the glad is suspected Assesses function of negative feedback loop |
| Imaging Testing MRI & CT | Used most commonly for Pituitary |
| Imaging Testing Ultrasound | Used most commonly for Thyroid |
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