AP EURO CK
Order by
350 terms
Latin | English |
|---|---|
| Black Death |  Plague that came in 1384. Major killer in 14th century |
| Flanders | Many workers' rebellions occurred here |
| jacqueries | French name for peasant insurrections & workers' rebellions. First one occurred in 1358. |
| Wat Tyler's Rebellion | 1381 uprising in England. Peasant Rebellion |
| Feudal Class | landowners who had to offer rural workers more favorable terms (lifetime tenures in return for fixed payment) |
| golden age | medieval parliament axed and temporarily had lots of money in 14 and 15 centuries |
| Hundred Years' War | 1337 between England and France. All battles in France. |
| Aquitaine | Place in France that belonged to the English crown |
| Joan of Arc | Leader for France, won many victories. English burned at stake in Rouen for witchcraft and heresy |
| Richard II | disposed in 1399, beginning disorder of 15th century |
| War of the Roses | 1450 to 1485: upper-class turmoil in England. Symbols - red=Lancaster and white=York |
| Church of the High Middle Ages | weakened by being successful. corrupt because it was unwilling to be reformed at all |
| Edward I (England) | 1290's assessed taxes on church stuff with Philip the Fair |
| Philip the Fair (France) | 1290's assessed taxes on church stuff with Edward I |
| Pope Boniface VIII | prohibited taxation of clergy by the civil war |
| Unam Sanctam | Pope Boniface issued this in 1302. Famous papal bull: outside the Roman church there was no salvation, "every human creature is subject to the Roman pontiff" |
| Babylonian Captivity | French influence over College of Cardinals. Brought in a pope who would be subservient to Philip. From there on (through the century) popes = tools of France; in Avignon. |
| Great Schism | Roman & Avignonian Pope. Avignon - French. Roman - anti French. Lasted for 40 years. |
| Annates | every bishop or abbot must transmit first year's income to Rome |
| Dance of Death | in cemeteries. People angered with Catholicism & plague |
| Black Mass | Parodying religion in a mad desire to appease the devil |
| Order of Flagellants | members go 2 by 2 through streets, beating each other with chains and whips |
| William Langland | Writer of "Piers Plowman" in the 1360's. COntrasted the sufferings of the honest poor with the hypocrisy and corruption in high places. DOUBED THE CHURCH. |
| Lollards | Englishman who doubted church leaders |
| John Wyclif | Oxford Teacher in 1380. Devouts shouldn't need Church to obtain salvation, only need to read the bible. |
| John Huss | Spread same ideas as John Wycliff in Bohemia. |
| Hussites | Followers of John Huss. Religious party & Slavic/Czech party against German Supremacy |
| Council of Constance | End Schism, extirpate heresy, reform CHurch |
| Martin V | affirmed Church & dissolved Council of Constance. 30 more years of battle of wills |
| simony | to buy or sell a church office. Crime in canon law. Can't be eradicated. |
| nepotism | bishop, etc. give own relatives higher church positions. Can't be eradicated. |
| Indulgences | If properly confessed, a person may be spared purgatory. in 1300, Boniface encouraged these. They were obtained through a monetary donation |
| Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges | 1438. Gallican (French) church affirmed supremacy of Councils over Popes, declared its administrative independence from the Holy See, would not pay rome, and forbade Papal intervention in naming French prelates |
| Council of Basel | died in 1449. Jubilee in 1450 to celebrate papal triumph. |
| Medici Family | Began with Giovanni as a merchant/banker. Ultimately, Dukes of Tuscany, Queens of France |
| Leonardo Bruni | humanist, 1433; the whole glory of man lies in human activity |
| Benvenuto Cellini | Artist who wrote autobiography. Exhibited virtu |
| Lorenzo de' Medici the Magnificent | villa built for him in 1480. |
| Humanism (Litterae Humanories) | Literary movement in Italy. Raised interest in human letters. |
| Christine de Pisan | Early 15h century writer. SHE spread humanist ideas and demonstrated that women could participate in intellectual debates. |
| Giovanni Bellini | Portrait of Condottiere: Renaissance Individualism |
| Cult of Antiquity | Kindred spirits in ancient cultures seen by humanists |
| Italian/Dante/Devine Comedy | Florentine or Tuscan Prose |
| Vernacular | Florentine: common spoken tongue. English and French followed. |
| Francesco Petrarca/Petrarch | Florentine exile: first man of letters. denounced is law & clergy training for their "scholasticism" |
| Cicero | Wrote about common sense and commitment to political liberty. Petrarch loved him |
| St. Augustine | held otherworldly vision of the City of God; Petrarch admired him |
| Boccaccio | Petrarch's contemporary, a Florentine, wrote (Italian) Decameron - tales to entertain and educate about human behavior |
| Decameron | Tales to educate and entertain about human behavior and character |
| Coluccio Salutati | Humanist who became chancellor of Florence in 1375. Served state with pen, glorified Florentine identity/liberty (Romepre Ceasar) |
| Visconti Family | despots in Milan. Milan threatened Florence because of expansive ambitions. |
| Brruni | succeeded Salutati. Wrote history of Florence. New division of historical periods. Life: commitment & participation. Established need for authentic sources. "To make effectual use of what we know, we must add the power of expression" |
| Poggio | also succeeded Salutati |
| Lorenzo Valla | founder of textual criticism. Analyzed language of Donation of Constantine and discovered it was forged |
| Pico della Mirandola | Looked for truth not in Christian scripture. in 1486, he said he could summarize all human knowledge in 900 Theses |
| 900 Theses | Mirandola says he could summarize all of human knowledge through these. Drawn from Chadic, Arabic, Hebrew, Grecian, Egyptian, Latin, Sages |
| Vittorino | said: Not everyone could be gifted or important but we all have "social duty" and are responsible for our "personal influence" |
| Castiglione | Wrote book of the Courtier in 1528: Book of Etiquette. be poised, converse, be athletic, dance, know Latin & Greek |
| Condottieri | hired men who fight for various city-states because citizens will not fight |
| Italian Cunning | Italian Politics who |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Secular! The Prince (1513). most lasting work of the renaissance. Wants Florence (or all of Italy) to behave like Early Romans. Virility in politics. fight in armies. Uphold dignity. KNOW HISTORY. Exercise power, build strong states. Do bad things all at once. |
| Tomas Aquinas & Marsigilo of Pauda | Medieval political writing: God's Will |
| New Monarchs | City-States that were successful had loyalty from citizens. Weak central governments in europe. These make lawes, please prince. Guaranteed order. Resumed King's labors of High Middle Ages. |
| Sack of Rome | 1527- Spanish and German Mercenaries go to rome: orgy of rape, loot, murder, etc. Ends Renaissance. |
| Erasmus of Rotterdam | Holland: humanist writer. Purified and intricate Latin style, loved classics, not scholastic philosophers. feared unenlightened excitability of the common people. Clergy needs reform. (1466-1536) |
| Francois Rabelails & John Calvin | French Humanists |
| Chirstian Humanists | Hebrew & Greek Bible, Church Fathers. Humanists saw universities as centers of pedantic, monkish learning. (specialization was a bad thing) |
| Wittenberg | Founded in Germany in 1502. |
| Fugger | Family controlled more capital than any others in Europe |
| Mainz, Rhineland, Germany | 1450, first European book with movalbe type |
| Regiomontanus | Johann Muller: Foundation for mathematical conception of the universe. Best known scientist at time |
| Nicholas of Cusa | Rhinlander- churchman whose mustical philosophy entered into the later development of math and science |
| Copernicus | Earth moved about thes un |
| Behaim & schoner | world maps with the most advanced geographical knowledge |
| Paracelsus (Hohenheim) | revolutionized medicine at University of Basel |
| Dr. Faustus (Faust) | rumored to have sold his soul to the devil for knowledge and power. Symbol: inordinate ambitions of modern people |
| Christopher Marlow | dramatized Faust story in 1593 |
| meister Eckhart | (1327) Famous mystic who could commune directly with God |
| Thomasa Kempis | (1471) imitation of Christ. Famous mystic who could commune directly with God |
| Gerard Groote | lay preacher. attracted followers with sermons about spiritual regeneration. in 1374 he founded religious sisterhood, then establishments for religiously minded men. SISTERS AND BROTHERS OF COMMON LIFE. (lived together w/ no vows) |
| Modern Devotion | Taught in common life, spread into the Netherlands |
| Tudors | 1485-1603. new Monarchy in England. First = Henry VII to 1509 who gained throne by force in War of the Roses |
| Livery and Maintenance | Henry VII banned this. Now great lords could not maintain private armies. |
| Star Chamber | room decorated with stars where royal council met to resolve property disputes and infractions |
| Hans Holbein the younger | 1523, painted Erasmus at start of Lutheran Reformation |
| Louis XI | France new Monarch 1461-1483. Gained power to tax without parliament's consent. |
| Pragmatic Sanction | 1438 - Gallican church won independence to manage affairs. |
| Rescind of Pragmatic Sanction | 1516 - King Francis I and Pope Leo X in Concordat of Bologna took away PS |
| Aragon and Castile | Spanish Kingdoms combined. Ferdinand (A) and Isabella (C) in 1469 joined the two kingdoms together |
| Inquisition | Church Court (Spain). Equal authorities and access. |
| Reconquista | 1492, in Granada, Heterogeneous character of Spanish Dominion. |
| Conquest of Granada | Religious excitement - expulsion of jews and Moors in 1492. Jews kicked out of England in 1290, France in 1306. National Conscience: Jews are outsiders |
| Moriscos | Christians of Moor Background |
| Marranos | Christians of Jewish Background |
| Princely States | Holy Roman Empire: duchies, margravites. Little hereditary dynastic monarch in itself. |
| Ecclesiastical states | Holy Roman Empire: bishoprics, abbacies, etc. Bishop, etc. = government leader. |
| Imperial Free Cities | Holy Roman Empire: about fifty of these existed and dominated commercial and financial life. |
| Electing Empire | Germany: 1356. seven electors (4 princely and 3 ecclesiastical) elected the emperor |
| Archduke of Austria | Hapsburg. 1452, chosen as emperor and kept in his family until 1806 (with one exception). Failed because of states rights. |
| Charles Hapsburg | Inherited Austria, Netherlands, part of Burgundy, Castile + Aragon, Spanish America, bits of Italy+Mediterranean. 1519 - became emperor. |
| Charles V of the Empire | Charles Hapsburg in 1519. |
| Battle of Mohacs | 1516; Turks beat the Hungarians |
| Ferdinand | King in Hungary (Charles' brother). Lost a lot of Hungary to Sulayman I but expanded the Hapsburg power. |
| Sulayman I | Turkish Sultan that took much of Hungary from Ferdinand |
| Universal monarchy | People feared Hapsbergs were creating an imperial system without preserving independence. |
| Factors: Religious Reformation | Decline of church; rise in secular and humanist feeling; lay religions (sans clergy); rises in monarchs who wanted to control all of their kingdom (including the church); resistance of feudalism to these monarchs; lassitude of popes and fear of church councils; division of germany; Turks - Central Europe; zealous Spain; Charles V; fear of Hapsburgs |
| Factors of Protestant Reformation | Low class: angry at church and wealthy bishops in the oppressive ruling class. Middle: desire to manage religious affairs personally. Highest: rulers wanted total control over their people. |
| Thirty Years' War | ended in 1648. Religious fronteir laid in 1560 was finally accepted. |
| Martin Luther | ex monk who was the first to successfully defy the Church. |
| Justification by Faith | Luther, in 1517, published this document that said Faith ALONE could provide salvation. |
| Tetzel | Distributed indulgences in 1517. Led to Luther's outrage against Catholic Church |
| Council of Constance | condemned John Huss |
| Luther's Mass | included only Baptism and Communion. |
| Worms in the Rhineland | Luther had to see emperor, banned by empire. Elector of Saxony took Luther in. |
| John of Leyden | Anabaptist tortured and killed publicly |
| Munster, Germany | Religious radicals everywhere in 1534. |
| Teutonic Order | Owned E. Prussia. Catholic organization. |
| Albert of Brandenburg | Head of Teutonic order in 1523, declared for Luther and made E. Prussia secular duchy |
| League of Schmalkald | Group of Lutheran princes & free cities where political interests were more important tha treligious ones. Against Universal Monarchy. Catholic France maintained religious divisions of Germany. |
| Peace of Augsburg | 1555: ends war of France & Schmalkald vs. Emperor. Says each state can be Lutheran or Catholic. No individual freedom. |
| Ecclesiastical Reservation | From Peace of Augsburg, any Catholic bishop or churchman who turned Lutheran from 1552 forward should not carry territory. Disregarded later. |
| John Calvin | 1509 (born). In 1536, he wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion which was aimed at the entire world. |
| Consubstantiation | Luther bleieved taht God was in bread and wine but was not transubstantiated. Calvin was against this entirely. |
| Predestination | relatively few had grace. elect/godly - salvation. God is part of you and you are saved. (CALVINISM) |
| Calvin's Geneva | Calvin's model Christian community |
| Michael servatus | Spanish refugee who denied trinity. Burned in Geneva. |
| John Knox | 1550's, brought Calvinism to Scotland |
| Henry VIII | 1509-1547. in 1520, wrote defense of the 7 sacraments and was named Defender of the Faith. Later reformed English church. |
| Clement VII | Pope that Henry VIII asked to annul marriage to Catherine. He said no |
| Act of Supremacy | 1534, Parliament said king = protector and only supreme head of church + clergy in England |
| Sir Thomas More | Utopia - Statesman and Humanist executed because he didn't take oath to English church |
| Continental Reformers | Made maintaining English Catholic church hard |
| Edward VI | 10 year old King in 1547 - Jane Seymour's son with Henry. Died in 1553 |
| Queen (bloody) Mary | 1553 heir to throne. Wnated to re-catholicise England but faile.d 1554 married Philip of Spain. Burned about 300 at the stake. WAVE OF HORROR. BLOODY MARY |
| Elizabeth | Anne Boleyn's daughter: protestant England |
| Recusants | English term for Roman Catholics and Calvinists in Church of England |
| The Thirty-Nine Articles | 1563: defined creed of Anglican Church. Many were evasive, but Protestant |
| continental Protestants | Under Mary Tudor |
| Episcopy | Church governed through Bishiops |
| corregidors | Spain (people to embody King's will). Gives power and status, usually from upper middle class. these jobs are sold, and intended to create loyalty to the king. No lords. |
| Intendants | France (people to embody King's will). Gives power and status, usually from upper middle class. these jobs are sold, and intended to create loyalty to the king. No lords. |
| Catholic Counter Reformation | Catholic movement corresponding to the rise of Protestantism. Partially a genuine reform that likely would have occurred regardless of Protestants, but was aimed against Protestantism |
| conciliar movement | revived after 1500 (shut down in 1450). |
| Francis I | 1515-1547. King of France who obtained control over Gallican church through papacy. Concordat of Bologna (1516) led him to love the poe and hate the emperor |
| Universal Monarchy | threat in Europe because Charles V ruled all areas encircling France |
| Council of Trent | 1545: called for by Pope Paul III in 1537. Decided on necessary reforms. often not well attended and showed that international council was probably ineffective. Saw issues as how they related to home. Pope was supreme. |
| Justification (Council of Trent) | 7 sacraments. Priesthood separated by sacrament of Holy Orders. procedures of confessional and absolution clarified. transubstantiation reaffirmed. Scripture - tradition. Rejects Faith Alone. |
| vulgate | st. Jerome translation of Bible into Latin: Only version for authoritative teaching in the Catholic Church. Also, church interpretation of scripture = accurate and only approved interpretation |
| sack of Rome | 1527: depths of hatred toward Roman clergy |
| Reforming popes | post renaissance clergy. Paul III - first. moral and religious force but still primary authority |
| St. Vincent de Paul | Missionary among human wreckage of Paris. exemplifies charitable Catholic spirit vs. Protestants who did nothing. |
| Teresa of Avila | example of Catholic mysticism. famous descriptions of encounters with Christ |
| St. Ignatius of Loyola | 1491-1556: soldier who had religious conversion in 1521 (before hearing of Luther). Became a crusader for the Holy See. Created Jesuits. |
| Society of Jesus | Jesuits. Monastic order focused on active participation exercises. "If church teaches black is white, it is black." |
| Peter Paul Rubens | Painted Catholic and political leaders |
| Index of Prohibited Books | Published by Pope and only with special permission could Catholics study those books. |
| Recusants | High Commission brought them in |
| Inquisition | 1 group: spanish. 1480 to get out Jewish and Muslims in Spain. 2 group: Roman. 1542 under Holy Office. For detection of heresy. Romans used less torture than Spanish |
| Flanders galleys | 1317 Venetians' commercial flotillas that went regularly between Adriatic and north seas |
| Vasco da Gama | 1498 Portugese navigator who rounded Africa. Ended up in Arab commerce - Malabar coast. 1502 came again with fleet of less than 21 vessels. Portuguese-Arab war! |
| St. Francis Xavier | Jesuit who, by 1550, had baptized MANY Indians, Indonesians, and Japanese |
| Lisbon | by 1504, great place to get spices because it was cheaper |
| conquistadores | Cortes and crew who conquered Aztecs |
| Magellan | 1520 discovered SW Passage, crossed Pacific, discovered the Philippines, fought through Portuguese across Indian Ocean back to Spain. First to circumnavigate globe. |
| Manila Galleons | Large silver bearing ships going from Acapulco to Mexico. |
| Priesthood of all Believers | Lutherism. Eventually was structured so that there were ministers, but there were no nuns, monestaries, etc. |
| Price Revolution (effects) | 1. High demand for food because bigger population 2. raise in costs of production, raise in agricultural prices. 3. Greater volume of money |
| Reals or livres | coins taht were gradually increased in circulation and thus devalued |
| Commercial Revolution | Rise of capitalist economy from 14th to 19th century |
| capital | house, workbench, tools, and materials owned by workshop master. Low profit , risk, innovation. |
| Fuggers | German family as influential as medici's |
| Johann Fugger | 1368 established fustian cloth business. then got involved with spices, etc. Lent money to high up figures; BANKER TO HAPSBURGS |
| Putting out/ Domestic | gender divided work that multiple people did... esp country dwellers |
| Spinster | unmarried women who spun thread |
| clothiers and drapers | had wage employees and dominated business |
| naval stores | things like timber, tar, etc. that were shipped |
| Jean Bourdichon | 1457-1521. artist who depicted working family |
| Bank of Amsterdam | depositers happy because money was safe and earning interest. People started using bank. This led to low income loans. Founded in 1609. Accepted deposits of mixed money from everyone, but used gold/silver exchange rates and you could only withdraw Dutch Florins |
| Mercantilism | bullionist idea - force gold and silver flow in kingdom, transformed into setting poor people to work and selling thigns abroad |
| Statute of Artificers | 1563 regulated admission to apprenticeship and leveled wages on a national scale. Elizabethan England. |
| English poor law of 1601 | lasted through 1834. Forced labor and relieved absolute destitution |
| internal tariffs | provincial and municipal tariffs. only England eliminated them |
| East India Companies | England in 1600 had state these state supported monopolies with special rights. |
| Youmanry | small freeholders class between landed gentry and rural poor (had some small amount of land to farm) |
| grand seigneurs | France's uppermost landownersL lord of one or more mannors. believed they should have the right to regulate religion in their states |
| Bourgeoisie | middle class. income from land and laboring the poor. |
| Grammar schools | 1580-1640 secondary schools in England |
| colleges | Franch grammar schools and early university education |
| Ursuline sisters | Catholic girl's school founded in Italy in 1535 and then 350 more were created by 1700 |
| hidalgo | lesser noble spanish boy who go teducated |
| Eton and Harrow | England: exclusive publich school |
| Junkers | German lords who wanted to go to Eton and harrow but were output because of Baltic shipping |
| robot (Bohemia) | unpaid labor. peasants owed 3-4 days of robot. |
| hereditary subjection | serfdom in Germany. Compulsory labor. Subjects need permission from lords for lots. |
| Feudal | groups with rights within the state, towns and provinces, craft guilds, courts and nobles. Rebelled against higher central authority, culminating Wars of Religion |
| bonnes villes | French king's "good towns" - each had stubbornly defended corporate rigths |
| French Provinces | overall ruled by the king but each was somewhat autonomous: own laws, identities, courts, tariffs, taxes, and parliament |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists. Large and immodest in demands |
| bourgois oligarchy | town government made up of Calvinists. banned catholicism. |
| King Henry II | didn't like Calvinism. Killed in tournament in 1559. Left three sons 15 and under. |
| Catherine de Medici | Italian. Tried to govern France for sons by using her taste for political intrigue. But she was bad and france fell apart. factions (including Catholics and Huguenots) tried to control youthful monarchs |
| 16th century civil wars | fought in absense of governmetn |
| Admiral de Coligny and Henry of Bourbon (King of Navaree) | Leaders of Huguenots |
| Guise Family | led Catholics, esp. Duke of Guise and Cardinal of Lorraine. They wanted to eliminate heresy and govern France |
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | thousands of Huguenots murdered after midnight under Catherine de Medici. Coligny was one of them. Henry escaped by temporarily changing religion to Catholicism. Led to extended Civil War - slaughtering. hired German mercenary soldiers. |
| Politiues | perfunctory Catholics and moderate protestants who concluded that no doctrine or religion could justify an everlasting war. 2 churches would be okay if there was civl order. Secular. Henry of Bourbon was this. |
| Jean Bodin | 1530-15996. Political thinkers who developed the concept of soverignty: in every society there must be one power strong enough to give law to all others. Ideally consensually. Royal Absolutism -> soverign state |
| Henry of Navarre | took power and reigned as Henry VI. 1st of Bourbon dynasty. Catholics didn't like him. |
| Edict of Nantes | 1598. guaranteed taht every seigneur had the right to hold Protestant services in his own home. Also, 100 Protestant towns w/ their own command, etc. were allowed |
| Bailliage | French shire. protestants used these to worship |
| Chicken in the Pot | Henry VI's ideal for civil war reconstruction. wanted to restore governmetn, collect taxes, pay officials, discipline army, and supervise justice administration. mercantilism = roads and bridges. |
| Marie de Medici | 1610, post Henry VI's assassination, took over. Nobility & Catholic clergy = little bit crazy. Forced summoning of Estates General. In 1615 all conflicts released. government was by and through the king |
| Cardinal Richelieu | thoguth like a politique. Helped marie & Louis XIII control grand affairs. Tried to encourage mercantilist edicts. did not have private warfare or fortified castles (except King's) |
| Duke of Rohan | 1627 led Hugunot Rebellion in La Rochelle |
| Peace of Alais | 1629 Richelieu solution to Duke of Rohan's rebellion |
| Peace of Ausburg | 1555: in each state, government can prescribe religion of subjects |
| Palatinate | state acrosse the middle rhine that became Calvinist. elector Palatine was 1 of 7 chosers of HRE. In 1608 Elector encouraged protestant union to defend gains. Henry VI supported it |
| 12 Years' Truce | between Spain and Dutch - 1609 to 1621. Spanish were preparing to fight Dutch again, which made France again |
| Defenestration of Prague | Matthias of bohemia did this to two emissaries of Hapsburg HRE. He tried to send troops to restore authority but Bohemia kicked him out |
| Winter King | Frederick V. Calvinist Elector Palatine - New king in Bohemia. |
| Emperor Ferdinand | Matthias's successor. Worked with popes to send Spanish troops from milan and forces of Catholic Bavaria. Confiscated just under half o fbohemian Noble estates. Made those into catholic church land endowments and gifts to new landed aristocracy. |
| White mountain | 1620, ferdinand's Spanish (Milan) & Bavarian troopsoverwhelmed Bohemians. elected King Frederic V fled and was named the Winter King. |
| The Hanging Tree | Jacques Callot's depiction of thirty year's war violence |
| Albert of Wallenstein | Commissioned by Emperor ferdinand to vs. Duke of Holstein (King of Denmark). Assembled professional fighters and ran tortuous and concealed personal army. |
| Edict of Restitution | 1629: emperor declared taht all churhc territories secularized since 1552 were Catholic |
| Gustavus Adolphys | King of Sweeden. Created most modern army ever. Firm discipline, high courage, Mobile cannon. Killed in 1632 at Lutzon. Oxtensteria led after he died. |
| Bernard of Saxe | Weimar. hired by Richelieu to maintain an army of Germans in French service. |
| The Peace of Westphalia | 1648. Begain in 1644 in Musnter and Osnsbruck. Checkmate to Counter Reformation in Germany. Affirmed: Peace of Ausburg, Calvinism as valid state-Religion, and Edict of Restitution. No laws, no taxes raised, no soldiers recruited, no war/peace declared by emperor without consent of imperial estates. |
| Louis XIV | King from 1643-1715 (actually responsible in 1661). Working head of French Government. Wanted Universal monarchy. AKA Louis the Graeat, The Grand Monarque, The Sun King |
| "the sick man of Europe" | Turkey's name for Spain |
| Charles II | Ill, mentally& physically inbred. Couldn't have kids. Spanish Throne 1665-1700. |
| William III | Prince of Orange. Did the most to use balance of power to stop Louis XIV |
| The Hague | ambassadors of kings go here (by water, canal) |
| Low German | What Dutch poets and dramatists were transforming into a literary language |
| Hugo Grotius | wrote Law of War and Peace, which pioneered international law |
| Baruch Spinoza | refugee: Portuguese Jew. Philosophy: nature of reality, human conduct, church and state. |
| Christian Huyghens | 1629-1695: greatest Dutch scientist. Worked in physics and mathematics. Improved telescope, made clocks move with pendulums, discovered Saturn's rings, alunched wave theory of light |
| Balthasar Bekker | 1691: "World Bewitched." Decisive blow against expiring superstition of witchcraft |
| Anna Maria van Schurman | 1607-1678: wrote The Learned Maid or Whether a Maid May Be Called a Scholar: argument for education of women (1638) |
| Frans Hals | bluff portraits of common people |
| Jan Varmeer | Magic and quiet dignity over men and esp. women of burgher: scenes: typical domestic. |
| Rembrandt | Mystery of human consciousness: masters of the cloth guild. Six men in courtroom about to speak from canvas. Personal vanity must yield to collective undertaking. |
| Baroque | period of time/style. fascination with lighting, interior spaces, colors, natural humans. |
| Arminius | Moderate Dutch Calvinists followed him. toned down Predestination. Theologian of Leyden. Tolerated from 1632 forward. |
| Nagasaki | 1641: Japan kicked out all of Europeans except Dutch, who were confined to an island by nagasaki |
| Dutch West India Co | 1621 used to exploit riches of Spanish and Portuguese America |
| Navigation act of 1651 | England passed this. Aimed against Dutch carrying trade. Goods imported into England and its dependencies must be on English ships or on ships of exporting country |
| Triple Alliance | Dutch, English, Swedish: shut down Louis XIV temporarily |
| Treaty of Nimwegen | peace in 1678 between Louis XIV and William. Louis took Franche-Comte |
| Puritans | extreme Calvinists in England who asserted rights of Parliament against mounting claims of royalty |
| Plantation of Ulster | movement to N. Irleand with government attention |
| John Milton | wrote epic poems (Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained) in the seventeenth century |
| Thomas Campion and Henry PUrcell | Musicians in the 17th century (english) |
| Christopher Wren | architecture of 17th century England |
| Stuart Kings | conflicting ambitions in England |
| James VI of Scotland, I of England (Stuart King) | Philosopher of Royal Absolutism (The True Law of Free Monarchy). Free from Parliament, churchmen, or past. Kings drew authority from God. |
| Devine Right of Kings | James believed this: kings drew authority from God |
| Charles I | 1625, succeeded James. Supported Church hierarchy. Tried to create gov without parliament. Antagonized English landlords, supported Church of England and attempted to modernize the navy without approved funds. |
| Archbiship Laud | sought to reinforce religious conformity |
| House of Lords | House of Parliament comprised of noblemen. Secularized. |
| House of Commons | House of parliament with aristocracy, merchants |
| Ship-money | Charles I tried to expand navy with money not approved by parliament. People were afraid that they'd start having to pay for things they didn't like. |
| The Long Parliament | parliament wouldn't provide funds to help with Scottish Rebellion, so Charles I kicked out all those members and called for a new election. all the same men were elected. It went 20 years without change, and Charles never called it They abolished Star Chamber & High Commision. |
| Solemn League and Covenant | Parliament accepted as price of support from Scots. Therefore, England, Scotland, and ireland must be uniformly presbytarian |
| Roundheads | Parliamentary forces with close haircuts (Puritans). Had New Model Army |
| Thomas Fairfax | led New Model Army |
| Oliver Cromwell | organized new regiment in NMA: Ironsides. said Charles must be put to death because he was trusted by ungodly people. |
| Ironsides | protestants under Cromwell with moral, discipline, and will to fight |
| Pride's Purge | Named for Colonel Pride. Long Parliament lsot 450 by 1649, and eventually had only 50 or 60 men -- Rump. |
| Rump | the 50 or 60 left in Parliament post Pride's Purge. Sentenced Charles to death in 1649 for treason. |
| Commonwealth | British Iles in 1649 under Cromwell. Religious toleration except for Unitarians, atheists, Roman Catholics, and obstinate Church of England supporters. |
| Protestants in Ulster | 1641 massacre now avenged |
| Levellers | chief spokesman: John Lilburne. Natural rights and rights of Englishmen. Want nearly universal manhood suffrage, equality of representation, written constitution, Parliament under reformed body of voters |
| George Fox | Society of Friends/Quakers. All believers can have revelations of spiritual truth by rejecting social and religious hierarchies and encouraging women to preach. |
| Diggers | more ephemeral than quakers. occupied and cultivated common land |
| Fifth Monarchy Men | millenial group who believed end of world was at hand. Christ = fifth major monarchy of the world. |
| Major generals | drove Cromwell into place. Cromwell wrote Instrument of Governmetn because of him. They repressed naughty people and encouraged moral puritanism and political dictatorship. (in 1653 Cromwell became Lord Protector) |
| Squirearchy | Under Charles II during restoration, regime of landlord justices |
| Dissenters | refused to accept restored church of England. They were excluded from Gov. Corporations and conventicles/religious mtgs were prohibited |
| Act of Settlement | 1662: Decentralized administration of the Poor Law. Each parish was responsible for its own paupers. Immobilized many englishmen. |
| Queen Christina fo Sweden | abdicated throne and became Catholic |
| Secret treaty of Dover | 1670: Charles to join Louis XIV vs. Dutch for three million livres/year during war |
| Test Act (1673-1828) | All office holders must publicly take communion in Church of england |
| whigs | exclusionists (esp. catholic & french) who were suspicious of the king |
| Tories | King supporters |
| James II | King in 1685: antagonized everyone including Tories. Acted as if there were no test act: appointed many Catholics to lucrative positions and suspended operation of Test Act in individual cases |
| Mary | James's daughter: offered throne by Tories and whigs who had abandoned James II. She was married to William of Orange |
| Revolution of 1688 | French Victory - counter revolution and royal absolutism in England |
| 1689 Bill of Rights | Parliament: No law could be suspended by king, no taxes or militaries maintained without consent, no subject could be arrested or detained without legal process |
| Act of Settlement of 1701 | No catholic could become King of England |
| Pretenders | descendants of James II exempt from ACt of Settlement |
| Toleration Act of 1689 | Protestant Dissenters may practice religion but excluded from Political Life and Public Service |
| Boyne River | 1688 Revolution - final overthrow of king |
| penal code | Irish subject to this, basically Irish Catholics can't do anything |
| Ascendancy | penal code was good for english because of Anglican interest |
| Glorious Revolution | 1688 because vindicated principles of Parliamentary gov. rule of law, and right of rebellion against tyranny |
| Nicholas Poussin and Cloude Lorrain | notable school of painters |
| corneille and racine | tragedies on personal conflicts and social relations of human life |
| Moliere | comedies ridiculing bumbling doctors, new rich bourgeois & foppish aristocrats (Marquis - joke in french) |
| La Fontaine | Animal Fables |
| la Rochefoucald | candid judgement on human nature |
| Nicolas Baleau | literary theorist: emulate ancient writers with timeless themes |
| moderns | literary critics that argued modern lit & knowledge > antiquity |
| ancients | Boileau's writers who deferred rigidly on ancient authorites |
| Fundamental laws | French parlement held certain laws that king couldn't overstep |
| customs | regional systems of law in France |
| the Fronde | immediately after Peace of Westphalia. Against Cardinal Mazarin (governing for child Louis XIV) |
| Parlement of Paris | 1648, led other parlements in the Fronde in insisting right to pronounce certain edicts unconstitutional |
| frondeurs | had no systematic program because nobles were against it. Parlement abandoned them but they wanted Cardinal Mazarin out |
| L'etat, c'est moi | Louis XIV: the state is myself |
| Bishop Bossuet | doctrine of absolutism. All power comes from God and all who hold power are responsible to God for the way they use it. This bishop = primary theorist of absolutism |
| activity of state | war under Louis XIV. all armed Frenchmen fight only for Louis. Peace and Order in France, Strengthened France vs. other coutnries. |
| Hyacinthe Rigaud | Painted the Sun King. Esp Royal to express strength of Frace |
| Versailles | Louis XIV built himself a new city here - monument to worldly splendor. Everything (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner) secheduled and rigid. Limits political mischief |
| colbert | minister under Louis XIV. Mercantilism (goal) - france is self sufficient economically. Expand exports, increase gov. Wealth |
| Five Great Farms | tariff union - free trade area |
| Colbert's Commercial Code | new model of business practice and regulation instead of local customary law. Tax exemption , subsidies, monopolies |
| Old Regime | system from 2 centuries of bourbon Rule |
| Revolution of 1789 | principal of equality of rights replaces regime of privilege |
| janissaries | main striking force of Turkish army. (Christians raised Muslim. No marriage) |
| Grand vizer | overall administration of imperial policies |
| Count Stanislas Potocki | 18th century polish nobleman (independent grandeur) |
| terrible Turk | oppresive Turkish Rule. Christians tolerated but al their views are held with contempt by Turks. Arbitrary and Brutal. Sultans in 17 cent. are corrupt |
| Tartar Khans of South Russia | Proteges who paid tribute |
| Koprulu family | capable grand vizers retained power, contrary to Turkish customs, for 50 years |
| Turk Bells | German empire's special order (alarm) about Tartar horsemen on the move |
| hereditary provinces | oldest of austria's direct possessions (upper and lower Austria) |
| Duke Charles of Lorraine | commanded AntiTurkish force, trying to protect inheritance from annexation |
| John Sobieski | King of Poland, higher command of AntiTurkish Force. last great military effort of Republic of Poland |
| Battle of Zenta | Prince Eugene of Savoy (French, pro Austrian) 169 won this battle with modern ideas |
| Peace of Karlowitz | 1699, Turks yielded most of Hungary, Transylvania, and Croatia to Hapsburgs. Ottoman Empire - Romania and Balkans |
| Treaty of Rastadt - 1714 | annexation of old Spanish Netherlands and with Milan _ Naples. Hapsburgs had to settle for this in War of Spanish Succession. |
| Peace of Belgrade | 1739. Frontier on which Austiran side remaind unchanged until 20th century. |
| The Austrian Monarchy | Belgilum and Italy; Danube, Vienna, Hungary, Bohemia. International and Nonnational. Dysfunctional. |
| Pragmatic Sanction | 1713. Charles VI's insurance of undivided succession. All crowns that Austrian Monarchy followed were to be inherited by one person. Maria Theresa gets them all. |
| Charles XII | King during final Swedish Campaign for imperial expansion. (1697-1718). won great victories but never made peace, then Russia crushed them. |
| Prussian militarism | military needs and values permeate all spheres of life |
| Brandenburg | founded in Middle Ages, border state, Mark of Holy Roman Empire |
| Elector of Brandenburg | Elected HRE. Post 1415, all from Hohenzollern family |
| Drang nach osten | German drive to the east. eventually led to Prussia |
| Teutonic Knights | Military crusading order which conquered and christianized natives in thirteeth century |
| Baltic Barons | descendants of Teutonic Knights - landlords |
| Frederick William | gained Brandenburg, pomerania, and territory along Elbe; detached prussian land, detached western territory near the rhine. AKA The Great Elector. One of the first to shape modern prussia |
| army in being | Brandenburgs wanted to have but not use thier army |
| King Frederick I of Prussia | Stealthy Frederick in Spanish war of Succession (emperor wanted support, so he named Frederick King) |
| Warsaw | 1657, Great Elector fought great battle with soldiers from all parts of dominion. First Prussian institution |
| the Junkers | aristocracy government absorbed into military service |
| Frederick William I | Prussian king 1713-1740. disdained culture. cut expenses by 3. |
| Russian Tsar Peter the Great | Sent FWI tall asians for special army. Did other really cool stuff too. |
| Canton system | New system by FWI of recruiting for the army: each regiment gets a particular district as source of soldiers. |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.