Flashcards: Countries and Capitals in Central America

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kerrykettering on October 27, 2009

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Veritas 7th Grade, ChallengeA_MN, Challenge A Gainesville - Geography, Prima Lingua

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ericvolp12 : First Contact (new and old worlds) 578 St. Brendan The Navigator (b.484 d.577 or 583) Irish monk - go on journey for the lord to spread the Word of God Used currach boat - skin covered wood framed light boat some had sails Set up missions along his route picked up locals to show him next community On Irish maps references made to the Isle of St. Brendan Made it to Iceland + Greenland, maybe North America (U.S.) No lasting impact maps show St. Brendan's Isle floating in sea 1001 Vikings Leif Eriksson "Lucky Leif" (b.970 d.1020) Son of Eric the Red - founder of Greenland Kicks son out for murdering a man "wergild" man price Takes his clan and settles in Vinland - his brother visits in 1004 Saga or Viking stories tell tales of Leif and having to fight Skraelings (Indians) Returns to Greenland No lasting impact on U.S. (there are maps) 1421 Chinese discover and circumnavigate (Zheng He) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships • 3 August 1492, first voyage landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian and returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Three poor ships, crews released from prison. • 1493, second voyage 17 ships 1500 men landed on Marie-Galante, then went again in Cap-Haitien, St. Ann's Bay, and returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496. • 1498, third voyage. 5 ships landed in Santo Domingo, and returned home again to Cadiz, Spain in 1500. • 1502, fourth and final voyage. landed on the Bay Islands off of Central America, Portobello, and then returned home to Sanlucar, Spain, for the final time • He later died in 1506 Columbus gets the credit why? CULTURAL EXCHANGE - Goods and Ideas Examples are: food, medicine, government, technology, arts, language Columbus/Euro pe brings Gunpowder Guns Domest icated animals Chickens Goats Horses Cows Metals Diseases Native American give Foods Corn Potatoes Be ans Tomatoes Squash Pe anuts Hunting skills Lacrosse Methods of War Political structure Ideas (League of the Iroquois) Diseases Eur ope Arrives in America Why - what leads to it? What Changed in Europe for Columbus to get all the credit? Europe coming out of Dark Ages (fall of Roman Empire) 470 A.D. Augustulas Romulus defeated by Germanic General Odacer No central control, power to local leaders/warlords Holy Roman Emperor (962 - 1806 German Kings) Middle Ages 500 - 1350 (632 prophet Mohammad dies) Knowledge in Europe actually shrinks (church says earth is flat, in control of Europe) Holy Roman Empire 962 - 1806 Unity of all Christian in a single state Hierarchical Political Organization - one head over all states Black Plague There have been three great pandemics of bubonic plague in history: There are three related diseases that make up the Black Death Bubonic Pneumonic Sep ticaemic plague Almost half of Europe's population died within three years. Feudal Structure: The feudal system provided local self-defense in the absence of strong rulers with large armies Feudalism form of government Nobles owe loyalty to king King rewards nobles with land (manors) or keeps (forts) Nobles collect taxes or tributes from peasants Peasants/serf s are bound to the land *People not educated *Church controlled all education and calendar *People do not move from land they are born on Manorialism Economic system of farming in England Originated from Roman estates (latifundia) Serfs controlled/worked the land property was shared lords/nobles headed manors lords/nobles protected people Primogeniture Oldest son inherits all land and money and power Problem of who would inherit land (Monarchs/Nobles) How to keep things together after the death of the head of the family Monarchy maintained itself by keeping power within the family without fighting Cities grew (population) New crops were cultivated NEW Innovative technologies often borrowed from the Muslims came into use Windmill Wheelbarrow helped people work Iron horseshoe Breast-strap increased the usefulness of horses as draught animals Trade Routes National wealth depends on the ability to trade Land trade routes must go through others nations dangerous and expensive 1265 - 1295 Marco Polo (Description of the World) b. 1254 d.1324 Crusades - religious wars to free Holy Land (1096 - 1291) Pope Urban II calls followers "mission" to free the holy land from an enemy "the Muslims" To unify the church under him against a common enemy Armed pilgrimages People from Europe travel to fight in the war (beginning control of trade/trade routes) War helps improve: trade, ships (sailing techniques), weapons, travel, and education Also rediscoveries of old knowledge Renaissance - rebirth of old teachings, and translations from other countries *Renaissance Man - well educated knows a lot about everything Roman and Greek influences 1360 gun powder and cannons Seaborne trade revived, Asian invention Magnetized needle Heavier craft suitable for ocean navigation Naval power = sea trade routes = National Wealth Ability to protect and insure trade route Trade route competition Portugal Spain France England New Reasons for Exploring Technology M apmaking Earth is round Believe shorter to Asia across the Atlantic Ocean Exploration continued skills increased Navigation instruments Compass As trolabe Allowed sailors to determine the relative height of stars and planets CHRONOMETER A mechanical device for keeping time independent of ship's motion. 1735 Access to new markets Different types of Economic System Mercantilism economic theory that says the world only has a fixed amount of wealth and that to increase a countries wealth (Economic Warfare) Discover Capture Trade Triangular Trade (keep colonies as trade partners, captive markets) Export raw materials Import finished goods (goods from other countries must pass through) Rebirth of banking Trade goods began to move from region to region (larger movement) New money help/encourage trade and encouraged a social revolution (Middle Class) Usury - charge interest when loaning money Printing Press invented Johannes Gutenberg - 1440 - 1445 prints bibles (Crusader passports) New way to store knowledge Learning leads to better education More and less expensive books (Hand copied by monks before) 1483 - 1546 Martin Luther 1517 Protestant Reformation Roman Catholic Church split into pieces "The just shall live by faith" - Church begins to lose control of education and ability to interpret (Printing Press) Martin Luther Against selling of indulgences Salvation to be through faith and the Bible Did not believe in the supremacy of the Pope Entered a monastery Posted 95 Thesis on church door Refused to withdraw his ideas at the Diet of Worms Published three books outlining his ideas Had a religious experience convincing him salvation was possible through faith alone Translated the Bible from Latin into German (common language) 1534 Enclosure Movement in England Close off the land from peasants larger more efficient fields farming and sheep herds (wool) Creates homeless and crime problems cities populations rise (strolling poor) Old World Colonial Powers Portugal 1394 - 1460 Portugal King's son Prince Henry "the navigator" - opens sailing school Prince Henry's aim - Portuguese sailors should sail around Africa and reach India (Spice) Three main motives behind Prince Henry's ambition: Desire for knowledge Being a devout Christian Spice trade ($) Sails to Africa School acts as a collection point for maps and trade info Trades with Africa and India (makes it around horn of Africa) 1441 Portuguese raid African village and take many as slaves 1486 Bartholomew Diaz Cape of Good Hope (west coast of Africa) 1497 Vasco da Gama sails all the way to India 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral on his way around Africa "goes off course by accident" Lands on Brazil, claims it for Portugal AGE OF DISCOVERY (thanks to Henry's advances) Spain The union of the Spanish kingdoms of Aragón and Castile 1469 by Ferdinand's (Aragon) marriage to his cousin Isabella I (Queen of Castile) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella pay for Christopher Columbus After victory over Moors To sail west to Asia Instead of on Portuguese trade route Columbus says route (trade route, not that world is round) would be shorter 4 trips in all later will be arrested First trip is a gamble on an Italian captain 3 August 1492, left Spain first voyage Landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian Three poor ships crew released from prison 3 ships Santa Maria, Nina, Pinta Arrive October 12, 1492 Columbus keeps two sets of books lies about true distance traveled crew almost mutinies October 1492, marked the beginning of the Spanish conquest of the New World In the name of "Gold, Glory and God" ("Por Rey y Santiago&quot 1st colony Hispanolia *called La Navidad Returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Destroyed by Indians not long after he left to report findings No survivors November 1493 leaves Spain for second voyage 17 ships 1500 men Landed on Marie-Galante names new city Isabella after queen Went again in Cap-Haitien St. Ann's Bay First permanent is Santo Domingo (still there) *Port of Discovery Returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496 Portuguese King tries to claim discovery made by Columbus (he asked them first they refused) Papal Line of Demarcation (papal bull- order from the pope)(1493) Pope (Pope Alexander VI) divides the world between Spain and Portugal To keep the two most powerful and wealth R.C. nations from going to war (Mentions no other countries) Portugal and Spain ratify under The Treaty of Tordesillas June 6th 1494 Portugal gets known world Spain gets new or yet to be discovered world May 1498 left Spain for his third voyage 6 ships Landed in Santo Domingo Discovers South America Arrested and returned to Spain 1500 May 1502 4th voyage trip not allowed to land in Santo Domingo Explores - ship wrecked on Jamaica Returns to Spain November 1504 Dies in Spain May 20, 1506 Amerigo Vespucci (1451 - 1512) Sails for Portugal and Spain (named Pilot Major of Spain 150 he is from Italy Makes map shows NEW WORLD get nick name Amerigo's Land or in Latin "AMERICA" Martin Waldseemuller woodcut map identifies land as America (1538 Gerardus Mercator Map shows North and South America) Spain in the New World Spanish goals (and Portugals&#039 Conquest, colonization, and conversion In Europe Primogeniture = oldest son inherits all after father's death Second sons are motivated into colonization and conquest Conquistadors - Spanish conquers (soldiers) Fight for - God, King, Money (gold) Spain has been at war for 700 years (Moors) Fall of Granada Priest - convert Heathens to Christ 1511 conquistadors have conquered Puerto Rico 1508 - 1509 By Juan Ponce De Leon Fountain of Youth Jamaica 1510 Cuba 1511 Dominican Republic and Haiti 1511 Still looking for an all water trade route to Asia (Spice Islands) 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers Isthmus of Panama Only 23 miles wide now they believe in a water route (Columbus short trade route) First to see Pacific from the Eastern side claims for Spain 1519 Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese sailor has been to Spice Island Hired by Spain to prove Columbus right or wrong First to cross Pacific (first to circumnavigate the globe) Started with five ships and 270 men, 3 years later (1522) one ship and 18 men get back to Spain. Magellan gets killed in Philippines April 27th 1521 War between tribe he converted to Christianity and neighboring tribe Proves earth is round and true size - found the all water route Spanish Brings the end to Civilizations Aztecs 1 519 - 1521 Hernando Cortes (b.1485 d.1547) Conquistador, conquers two tribes that the Aztecs had already conquered From them he learns of the Aztecs, he organizes them to help him fight Aztecs Cortes also learns that the Aztecs are waiting for the return of their god Quetzalcoatl (The Plumed serpent), he left them into the Caribbean, saying he would return some day Montezuma II welcomes the Spanish with gifts Their houses are pushed by clouds Have conquered other tribes Cortes kidnaps Montezuma, and demands gold from the Aztecs 600 soldiers + 16 horses + 10 brass cannon + dogs (10 ships burned) Holds Aztecs' capital "Tenochtitlan&quo t; and ruler "Montezuma" for 6 months Convert Montezuma and kill him (garrote) when they are attacked Blame the Aztec attackers Aztecs counter-attack under command of Montezuma's brother drive Spanish out of city Spanish get the help of other conquered tribes and attack city for six months to win Incas 1520 - 1535 Fransico Pizarro (b.1475 d.1541) A citizen of Panama and experienced soldier 2 earlier attempts in 1520's (failed attempts, but he learned) First expedition - (80 men, 4 horses) starve Second expedition - capture a raft, 3 natives/translators, silver Third expedition - "Thirteen of glory" (followers turn back all but 12) Inca city of Tumbez (gets king's permission, made Gov./Gen. of Peru) Fourth expedition - (180 men, 37 horses) Tumbez found destroyed, Incas fighting Civil War, smallpox Conquest begins (Huascar in charge of the capital at Cuzco, Atahualpa in charge Inca army) Arrival in Cajamarca - Atahualpa waiting for news of battle Atahualpa captured Atahualpa 9;s ransom Death of Huascar Execution (garrote) 1535 Spain controls most of Inca Empire (West Coast of South America) Spain feels Pacific Ocean is their possession Spanish Borderlands - Spanish attempts to invade other Indian lands Fla. To California Indians in these areas different than pervious experiences: Not on overall ruling group Tribal not empire Constant warfare 1516 Juan Ponce de Leon - Fla. fountain of youth never found (1521 settlement) 1539 Hernando de Soto - explored up the Mississippi (fever) 1540 Francisco Coronado - 7 cities of gold explore west saw the Grand Canyon (1542 broke) 1527 - Panfilo de Narvaez - looking for riches Fla. Attacks Indians in Fla. Forced to retreat Shipwrecked on the coast of Texas - leaves men goes into gulf in small boat lost Alvar Nunez Cebeza - leads group of survivors in land Estaban - Black mercenary/healer/trans lator Indians capture and make them slaves - believe they have healing powers Finally get back to Spanish settlement in 1536 Report size of area 1300 miles Number of tribes 1539 Juan Cabrillo Explores West Coast of America Laws = Laws of the Indies Spanish society Pyramid Viceroy - rules in King's name. New Spain and Peru both have one Peninsulares - highest class born in Spain set to rule Creoles - Born in Americas to Spanish parents Mestizos - Mixed parents Indian and Spanish Indians - lowest class, considered conquered people Three types of settlements: (each addresses one of Spain's goals) Pueblos - towns center of farming area some protection (colonization) Presidi os - Military center, fort usually at river junctions (conquest) Missions - for religious conversion (conversion) Encomiend as - Spanish allowed to demand taxes or labor from all people Indians made slaves Columbus order native fill bells with gold If they can't pay that way they must provide labor *Mines and Plantations are the labor demands put on Indians Indians die quickly living in this situation Priest - Fr. Bartolome de Las Casas writes King and asks for reforms To stop Indian abuse Leads to importation of African slaves Sees the change and argues against African slaves Dies before his request for changes can be made Originally a Conquistador then become priest 1539 First book printed in Mexico (not really a colony they can do anything Europe can) 1551 University of Mexico opens 1565 St. Augustine - presidio first permanent city in North America Spanish found the French (Protestant) trying to build a fort/trade post Massacre them, then built a fort to keep them from trying it again Interested in it once they may try again Put fort there to stop it from happening Refuel and patrol fort Spanish changes to the world (1492 - 1560) Gold exported from New World 5x all in Europe before 1560 500x what Spain had before 1492 Permanent Settlement in New World Native Americans options To be killed or enslaved Dislocation or conversion Fight back 1/25 survive European diseases Europe Competes with Spain 1497 England 1497 Giovanni Caboto Italian sailing for England English King Henry VII calls him John Cabot (and brother Sebastian) Finds Newfoundland Declares fishing waters off "new found land" or Newfoundland for England Ship The Matthew 20 men 2nd trip 5 ships 200 men lost at sea (restart) 1500 - 1501 Portugal - Pedro Alvares Cabral finds Brazil (accident) 1524 Verranzano and Cartier - explores for France France explores and declares for themselves Carolinas to Canada Find St. Lawrence River Gone by 1535 (restart 1603) 1566 England Sir Humphrey Gilbert Harbor Colony of St. John 1609 Henry Hudson - explores for the Dutch Dutch East India Company on this trip, Hudson found what is called the Hudson River European Rivalries Old arguments from Europe come to the New World (countries not listed on the Papal Decree) Religious and Political differences 1517 Catholics vs. Protestants Protestant Reformation - Martin Luther France and Spain remains Catholic England, Germany and Holland Protestant Fight for religious and trade purposes Queen Elizabeth of England encourages the English to raid Spanish trade/ships Dutch and English also compete for trade in the New World New France 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas gives France no share of the New World French crown ignored the arrangement Francis I underwrote Verrazzano's exploratory voyage (1524) Cartier and Roberval on the St. Lawrence (1534-1543) 1603 - 1605 Samuel de Champlain (7 total voyages) Founds Port Royal Nova Scotia France actively encouraged the settlement of Quebec, Newfoundland and the Maritimes All settlers must be Roman Catholic church of France Declares St. Lawrence for France Founds Quebec (160 puts a fort where the St. Lawrence narrows Fishing and Fur trade French trap trade live and marry Indians French settlers called "coureurs de bois" = runners of the woods French send missionaries to convert the Indians (map large areas) Champlain maps St. Lawrence discovers Great Lakes with Indian help Excellent map maker, soldier, leader, businessman 1673 Fr. Marquette + Louis Joliet Maps Mississippi for over 700 miles before turning back 1682 Robert de La Salle Maps all the Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico claims all for France Names Louisiana after King Louis XIV Include any land and river system that flows into the Mississippi New France Government King appointed council and Governor Rules in the name of the king (rules harsh in town better to live in woods) King wants to calm colony down sends 1000 farmers with land rights to colony in 1660 Also send several hundred single women to colony 1671 Wants people to farm along St. Lawrence (only works somewhat) New France has less dense population, and better Indian relations New Netherlands (Holland, Dutch) 1581 declare independence from Spain (reformation) 1609 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson River (New York - Albany) Englishmen exploring for the Netherlands (maps) Ship Half Moon 1611 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay for English ship Hopewell Muscovy (Russia) Company - his family owns shares Father was a member of Cabot's crew Northwest Passage - pass over Pole (no ice because of sun) 1611 lost at sea crew mutinied - exploring for England 1621 Dutch West India Company (United Dutch East India Company Maps) Given charter to open trade and colonize New World Under charter they also commission Privateers (to disrupt Spanish trade and shipping) Letter of Marque (or Letter of Reprisal) Letters of --, Authority formerly given to private persons to fit out an armed ship For use in Attack Capture Plun der of enemy merchant ships in time of war Letters used by governments to augment National Navy 1626 Peter Minuit first governor (director-general) Buys Manhattan Island from Indians for 60 "guilders" worth 24 English pounds Names new colony (Fort on Manhattan) New Amsterdam (New York City) Fort Orange also builds a trading outpost (Albany New York) Control Hudson River valley New Netherlands becomes major trading port They allow any nation or religion into their colony No need to control trade route Will carry goods for any nation Encourage other nations to use port and trade 3rd Governor William Kieft (the Butcher) 1597 - 1647 1638 Governor of New Amsterdam Unhappy with condition imposes military law and Indian tax Fur trade is declining from over hunting Dutch being to farm and take land from Indians This leads to some bad blood Makes military improvements to expand control and territory Uses Indian allies to influence other Indian tribes (Mohawks) Wipes out Wappinger Indians "Slaughter of The Innocents" 80 heads soccer balls 30 tortured publicly All Indian tribes declare war 6th Governor Peter Stuyvesant 1640 Must win war started by Kieft Puts wall by harbor to protect it (Wall St.) 1637 - 1655 Dutch capture New Sweden (Delaware) Founded by Peter Minuit Fired by Dutch because of Patroon System Dutch become rivals of the French in the fur trade Dutch ally with Iroquois French ally with Algonquin Indians begin to fight for European allies Government Governor, or "Director General" Governor and a council of five appointed by the company in Holland Patroon System - Least fifty settlers fifteen years of age or over Patroon was granted an estate of sixteen miles river frontage One side of a river or bay Or eight miles on each side of a river As far inland "as the situation of the occupiers will admit." 1664 England takes over New Amsterdam Changes name to New York after king's brother James, The Duke of York and Albany First Contact (new and old worlds) 578 St. Brendan The Navigator (b.484 d.577 or 583) Irish monk - go on journey for the lord to spread the Word of God Used currach boat - skin covered wood framed light boat some had sails Set up missions along his route picked up locals to show him next community On Irish maps references made to the Isle of St. Brendan Made it to Iceland + Greenland, maybe North America (U.S.) No lasting impact maps show St. Brendan's Isle floating in sea 1001 Vikings Leif Eriksson "Lucky Leif" (b.970 d.1020) Son of Eric the Red - founder of Greenland Kicks son out for murdering a man "wergild" man price Takes his clan and settles in Vinland - his brother visits in 1004 Saga or Viking stories tell tales of Leif and having to fight Skraelings (Indians) Returns to Greenland No lasting impact on U.S. (there are maps) 1421 Chinese discover and circumnavigate (Zheng He) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships • 3 August 1492, first voyage landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian and returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Three poor ships, crews released from prison. • 1493, second voyage 17 ships 1500 men landed on Marie-Galante, then went again in Cap-Haitien, St. Ann's Bay, and returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496. • 1498, third voyage. 5 ships landed in Santo Domingo, and returned home again to Cadiz, Spain in 1500. • 1502, fourth and final voyage. landed on the Bay Islands off of Central America, Portobello, and then returned home to Sanlucar, Spain, for the final time • He later died in 1506 Columbus gets the credit why? CULTURAL EXCHANGE - Goods and Ideas Examples are: food, medicine, government, technology, arts, language Columbus/Euro pe brings Gunpowder Guns Domest icated animals Chickens Goats Horses Cows Metals Diseases Native American give Foods Corn Potatoes Be ans Tomatoes Squash Pe anuts Hunting skills Lacrosse Methods of War Political structure Ideas (League of the Iroquois) Diseases Eur ope Arrives in America Why - what leads to it? What Changed in Europe for Columbus to get all the credit? Europe coming out of Dark Ages (fall of Roman Empire) 470 A.D. Augustulas Romulus defeated by Germanic General Odacer No central control, power to local leaders/warlords Holy Roman Emperor (962 - 1806 German Kings) Middle Ages 500 - 1350 (632 prophet Mohammad dies) Knowledge in Europe actually shrinks (church says earth is flat, in control of Europe) Holy Roman Empire 962 - 1806 Unity of all Christian in a single state Hierarchical Political Organization - one head over all states Black Plague There have been three great pandemics of bubonic plague in history: There are three related diseases that make up the Black Death Bubonic Pneumonic Sep ticaemic plague Almost half of Europe's population died within three years. Feudal Structure: The feudal system provided local self-defense in the absence of strong rulers with large armies Feudalism form of government Nobles owe loyalty to king King rewards nobles with land (manors) or keeps (forts) Nobles collect taxes or tributes from peasants Peasants/serf s are bound to the land *People not educated *Church controlled all education and calendar *People do not move from land they are born on Manorialism Economic system of farming in England Originated from Roman estates (latifundia) Serfs controlled/worked the land property was shared lords/nobles headed manors lords/nobles protected people Primogeniture Oldest son inherits all land and money and power Problem of who would inherit land (Monarchs/Nobles) How to keep things together after the death of the head of the family Monarchy maintained itself by keeping power within the family without fighting Cities grew (population) New crops were cultivated NEW Innovative technologies often borrowed from the Muslims came into use Windmill Wheelbarrow helped people work Iron horseshoe Breast-strap increased the usefulness of horses as draught animals Trade Routes National wealth depends on the ability to trade Land trade routes must go through others nations dangerous and expensive 1265 - 1295 Marco Polo (Description of the World) b. 1254 d.1324 Crusades - religious wars to free Holy Land (1096 - 1291) Pope Urban II calls followers "mission" to free the holy land from an enemy "the Muslims" To unify the church under him against a common enemy Armed pilgrimages People from Europe travel to fight in the war (beginning control of trade/trade routes) War helps improve: trade, ships (sailing techniques), weapons, travel, and education Also rediscoveries of old knowledge Renaissance - rebirth of old teachings, and translations from other countries *Renaissance Man - well educated knows a lot about everything Roman and Greek influences 1360 gun powder and cannons Seaborne trade revived, Asian invention Magnetized needle Heavier craft suitable for ocean navigation Naval power = sea trade routes = National Wealth Ability to protect and insure trade route Trade route competition Portugal Spain France England New Reasons for Exploring Technology M apmaking Earth is round Believe shorter to Asia across the Atlantic Ocean Exploration continued skills increased Navigation instruments Compass As trolabe Allowed sailors to determine the relative height of stars and planets CHRONOMETER A mechanical device for keeping time independent of ship's motion. 1735 Access to new markets Different types of Economic System Mercantilism economic theory that says the world only has a fixed amount of wealth and that to increase a countries wealth (Economic Warfare) Discover Capture Trade Triangular Trade (keep colonies as trade partners, captive markets) Export raw materials Import finished goods (goods from other countries must pass through) Rebirth of banking Trade goods began to move from region to region (larger movement) New money help/encourage trade and encouraged a social revolution (Middle Class) Usury - charge interest when loaning money Printing Press invented Johannes Gutenberg - 1440 - 1445 prints bibles (Crusader passports) New way to store knowledge Learning leads to better education More and less expensive books (Hand copied by monks before) 1483 - 1546 Martin Luther 1517 Protestant Reformation Roman Catholic Church split into pieces "The just shall live by faith" - Church begins to lose control of education and ability to interpret (Printing Press) Martin Luther Against selling of indulgences Salvation to be through faith and the Bible Did not believe in the supremacy of the Pope Entered a monastery Posted 95 Thesis on church door Refused to withdraw his ideas at the Diet of Worms Published three books outlining his ideas Had a religious experience convincing him salvation was possible through faith alone Translated the Bible from Latin into German (common language) 1534 Enclosure Movement in England Close off the land from peasants larger more efficient fields farming and sheep herds (wool) Creates homeless and crime problems cities populations rise (strolling poor) Old World Colonial Powers Portugal 1394 - 1460 Portugal King's son Prince Henry "the navigator" - opens sailing school Prince Henry's aim - Portuguese sailors should sail around Africa and reach India (Spice) Three main motives behind Prince Henry's ambition: Desire for knowledge Being a devout Christian Spice trade ($) Sails to Africa School acts as a collection point for maps and trade info Trades with Africa and India (makes it around horn of Africa) 1441 Portuguese raid African village and take many as slaves 1486 Bartholomew Diaz Cape of Good Hope (west coast of Africa) 1497 Vasco da Gama sails all the way to India 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral on his way around Africa "goes off course by accident" Lands on Brazil, claims it for Portugal AGE OF DISCOVERY (thanks to Henry's advances) Spain The union of the Spanish kingdoms of Aragón and Castile 1469 by Ferdinand's (Aragon) marriage to his cousin Isabella I (Queen of Castile) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella pay for Christopher Columbus After victory over Moors To sail west to Asia Instead of on Portuguese trade route Columbus says route (trade route, not that world is round) would be shorter 4 trips in all later will be arrested First trip is a gamble on an Italian captain 3 August 1492, left Spain first voyage Landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian Three poor ships crew released from prison 3 ships Santa Maria, Nina, Pinta Arrive October 12, 1492 Columbus keeps two sets of books lies about true distance traveled crew almost mutinies October 1492, marked the beginning of the Spanish conquest of the New World In the name of "Gold, Glory and God" ("Por Rey y Santiago&quot 1st colony Hispanolia *called La Navidad Returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Destroyed by Indians not long after he left to report findings No survivors November 1493 leaves Spain for second voyage 17 ships 1500 men Landed on Marie-Galante names new city Isabella after queen Went again in Cap-Haitien St. Ann's Bay First permanent is Santo Domingo (still there) *Port of Discovery Returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496 Portuguese King tries to claim discovery made by Columbus (he asked them first they refused) Papal Line of Demarcation (papal bull- order from the pope)(1493) Pope (Pope Alexander VI) divides the world between Spain and Portugal To keep the two most powerful and wealth R.C. nations from going to war (Mentions no other countries) Portugal and Spain ratify under The Treaty of Tordesillas June 6th 1494 Portugal gets known world Spain gets new or yet to be discovered world May 1498 left Spain for his third voyage 6 ships Landed in Santo Domingo Discovers South America Arrested and returned to Spain 1500 May 1502 4th voyage trip not allowed to land in Santo Domingo Explores - ship wrecked on Jamaica Returns to Spain November 1504 Dies in Spain May 20, 1506 Amerigo Vespucci (1451 - 1512) Sails for Portugal and Spain (named Pilot Major of Spain 150 he is from Italy Makes map shows NEW WORLD get nick name Amerigo's Land or in Latin "AMERICA" Martin Waldseemuller woodcut map identifies land as America (1538 Gerardus Mercator Map shows North and South America) Spain in the New World Spanish goals (and Portugals&#039 Conquest, colonization, and conversion In Europe Primogeniture = oldest son inherits all after father's death Second sons are motivated into colonization and conquest Conquistadors - Spanish conquers (soldiers) Fight for - God, King, Money (gold) Spain has been at war for 700 years (Moors) Fall of Granada Priest - convert Heathens to Christ 1511 conquistadors have conquered Puerto Rico 1508 - 1509 By Juan Ponce De Leon Fountain of Youth Jamaica 1510 Cuba 1511 Dominican Republic and Haiti 1511 Still looking for an all water trade route to Asia (Spice Islands) 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers Isthmus of Panama Only 23 miles wide now they believe in a water route (Columbus short trade route) First to see Pacific from the Eastern side claims for Spain 1519 Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese sailor has been to Spice Island Hired by Spain to prove Columbus right or wrong First to cross Pacific (first to circumnavigate the globe) Started with five ships and 270 men, 3 years later (1522) one ship and 18 men get back to Spain. Magellan gets killed in Philippines April 27th 1521 War between tribe he converted to Christianity and neighboring tribe Proves earth is round and true size - found the all water route Spanish Brings the end to Civilizations Aztecs 1 519 - 1521 Hernando Cortes (b.1485 d.1547) Conquistador, conquers two tribes that the Aztecs had already conquered From them he learns of the Aztecs, he organizes them to help him fight Aztecs Cortes also learns that the Aztecs are waiting for the return of their god Quetzalcoatl (The Plumed serpent), he left them into the Caribbean, saying he would return some day Montezuma II welcomes the Spanish with gifts Their houses are pushed by clouds Have conquered other tribes Cortes kidnaps Montezuma, and demands gold from the Aztecs 600 soldiers + 16 horses + 10 brass cannon + dogs (10 ships burned) Holds Aztecs' capital "Tenochtitlan&quo t; and ruler "Montezuma" for 6 months Convert Montezuma and kill him (garrote) when they are attacked Blame the Aztec attackers Aztecs counter-attack under command of Montezuma's brother drive Spanish out of city Spanish get the help of other conquered tribes and attack city for six months to win Incas 1520 - 1535 Fransico Pizarro (b.1475 d.1541) A citizen of Panama and experienced soldier 2 earlier attempts in 1520's (failed attempts, but he learned) First expedition - (80 men, 4 horses) starve Second expedition - capture a raft, 3 natives/translators, silver Third expedition - "Thirteen of glory" (followers turn back all but 12) Inca city of Tumbez (gets king's permission, made Gov./Gen. of Peru) Fourth expedition - (180 men, 37 horses) Tumbez found destroyed, Incas fighting Civil War, smallpox Conquest begins (Huascar in charge of the capital at Cuzco, Atahualpa in charge Inca army) Arrival in Cajamarca - Atahualpa waiting for news of battle Atahualpa captured Atahualpa 9;s ransom Death of Huascar Execution (garrote) 1535 Spain controls most of Inca Empire (West Coast of South America) Spain feels Pacific Ocean is their possession Spanish Borderlands - Spanish attempts to invade other Indian lands Fla. To California Indians in these areas different than pervious experiences: Not on overall ruling group Tribal not empire Constant warfare 1516 Juan Ponce de Leon - Fla. fountain of youth never found (1521 settlement) 1539 Hernando de Soto - explored up the Mississippi (fever) 1540 Francisco Coronado - 7 cities of gold explore west saw the Grand Canyon (1542 broke) 1527 - Panfilo de Narvaez - looking for riches Fla. Attacks Indians in Fla. Forced to retreat Shipwrecked on the coast of Texas - leaves men goes into gulf in small boat lost Alvar Nunez Cebeza - leads group of survivors in land Estaban - Black mercenary/healer/trans lator Indians capture and make them slaves - believe they have healing powers Finally get back to Spanish settlement in 1536 Report size of area 1300 miles Number of tribes 1539 Juan Cabrillo Explores West Coast of America Laws = Laws of the Indies Spanish society Pyramid Viceroy - rules in King's name. New Spain and Peru both have one Peninsulares - highest class born in Spain set to rule Creoles - Born in Americas to Spanish parents Mestizos - Mixed parents Indian and Spanish Indians - lowest class, considered conquered people Three types of settlements: (each addresses one of Spain's goals) Pueblos - towns center of farming area some protection (colonization) Presidi os - Military center, fort usually at river junctions (conquest) Missions - for religious conversion (conversion) Encomiend as - Spanish allowed to demand taxes or labor from all people Indians made slaves Columbus order native fill bells with gold If they can't pay that way they must provide labor *Mines and Plantations are the labor demands put on Indians Indians die quickly living in this situation Priest - Fr. Bartolome de Las Casas writes King and asks for reforms To stop Indian abuse Leads to importation of African slaves Sees the change and argues against African slaves Dies before his request for changes can be made Originally a Conquistador then become priest 1539 First book printed in Mexico (not really a colony they can do anything Europe can) 1551 University of Mexico opens 1565 St. Augustine - presidio first permanent city in North America Spanish found the French (Protestant) trying to build a fort/trade post Massacre them, then built a fort to keep them from trying it again Interested in it once they may try again Put fort there to stop it from happening Refuel and patrol fort Spanish changes to the world (1492 - 1560) Gold exported from New World 5x all in Europe before 1560 500x what Spain had before 1492 Permanent Settlement in New World Native Americans options To be killed or enslaved Dislocation or conversion Fight back 1/25 survive European diseases Europe Competes with Spain 1497 England 1497 Giovanni Caboto Italian sailing for England English King Henry VII calls him John Cabot (and brother Sebastian) Finds Newfoundland Declares fishing waters off "new found land" or Newfoundland for England Ship The Matthew 20 men 2nd trip 5 ships 200 men lost at sea (restart) 1500 - 1501 Portugal - Pedro Alvares Cabral finds Brazil (accident) 1524 Verranzano and Cartier - explores for France France explores and declares for themselves Carolinas to Canada Find St. Lawrence River Gone by 1535 (restart 1603) 1566 England Sir Humphrey Gilbert Harbor Colony of St. John 1609 Henry Hudson - explores for the Dutch Dutch East India Company on this trip, Hudson found what is called the Hudson River European Rivalries Old arguments from Europe come to the New World (countries not listed on the Papal Decree) Religious and Political differences 1517 Catholics vs. Protestants Protestant Reformation - Martin Luther France and Spain remains Catholic England, Germany and Holland Protestant Fight for religious and trade purposes Queen Elizabeth of England encourages the English to raid Spanish trade/ships Dutch and English also compete for trade in the New World New France 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas gives France no share of the New World French crown ignored the arrangement Francis I underwrote Verrazzano's exploratory voyage (1524) Cartier and Roberval on the St. Lawrence (1534-1543) 1603 - 1605 Samuel de Champlain (7 total voyages) Founds Port Royal Nova Scotia France actively encouraged the settlement of Quebec, Newfoundland and the Maritimes All settlers must be Roman Catholic church of France Declares St. Lawrence for France Founds Quebec (160 puts a fort where the St. Lawrence narrows Fishing and Fur trade French trap trade live and marry Indians French settlers called "coureurs de bois" = runners of the woods French send missionaries to convert the Indians (map large areas) Champlain maps St. Lawrence discovers Great Lakes with Indian help Excellent map maker, soldier, leader, businessman 1673 Fr. Marquette + Louis Joliet Maps Mississippi for over 700 miles before turning back 1682 Robert de La Salle Maps all the Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico claims all for France Names Louisiana after King Louis XIV Include any land and river system that flows into the Mississippi New France Government King appointed council and Governor Rules in the name of the king (rules harsh in town better to live in woods) King wants to calm colony down sends 1000 farmers with land rights to colony in 1660 Also send several hundred single women to colony 1671 Wants people to farm along St. Lawrence (only works somewhat) New France has less dense population, and better Indian relations New Netherlands (Holland, Dutch) 1581 declare independence from Spain (reformation) 1609 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson River (New York - Albany) Englishmen exploring for the Netherlands (maps) Ship Half Moon 1611 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay for English ship Hopewell Muscovy (Russia) Company - his family owns shares Father was a member of Cabot's crew Northwest Passage - pass over Pole (no ice because of sun) 1611 lost at sea crew mutinied - exploring for England 1621 Dutch West India Company (United Dutch East India Company Maps) Given charter to open trade and colonize New World Under charter they also commission Privateers (to disrupt Spanish trade and shipping) Letter of Marque (or Letter of Reprisal) Letters of --, Authority formerly given to private persons to fit out an armed ship For use in Attack Capture Plun der of enemy merchant ships in time of war Letters used by governments to augment National Navy 1626 Peter Minuit first governor (director-general) Buys Manhattan Island from Indians for 60 "guilders" worth 24 English pounds Names new colony (Fort on Manhattan) New Amsterdam (New York City) Fort Orange also builds a trading outpost (Albany New York) Control Hudson River valley New Netherlands becomes major trading port They allow any nation or religion into their colony No need to control trade route Will carry goods for any nation Encourage other nations to use port and trade 3rd Governor William Kieft (the Butcher) 1597 - 1647 1638 Governor of New Amsterdam Unhappy with condition imposes military law and Indian tax Fur trade is declining from over hunting Dutch being to farm and take land from Indians This leads to some bad blood Makes military improvements to expand control and territory Uses Indian allies to influence other Indian tribes (Mohawks) Wipes out Wappinger Indians "Slaughter of The Innocents" 80 heads soccer balls 30 tortured publicly All Indian tribes declare war 6th Governor Peter Stuyvesant 1640 Must win war started by Kieft Puts wall by harbor to protect it (Wall St.) 1637 - 1655 Dutch capture New Sweden (Delaware) Founded by Peter Minuit Fired by Dutch because of Patroon System Dutch become rivals of the French in the fur trade Dutch ally with Iroquois French ally with Algonquin Indians begin to fight for European allies Government Governor, or "Director General" Governor and a council of five appointed by the company in Holland Patroon System - Least fifty settlers fifteen years of age or over Patroon was granted an estate of sixteen miles river frontage One side of a river or bay Or eight miles on each side of a river As far inland "as the situation of the occupiers will admit." 1664 England takes over New Amsterdam Changes name to New York after king's brother James, The Duke of York and Albany First Contact (new and old worlds) 578 St. Brendan The Navigator (b.484 d.577 or 583) Irish monk - go on journey for the lord to spread the Word of God Used currach boat - skin covered wood framed light boat some had sails Set up missions along his route picked up locals to show him next community On Irish maps references made to the Isle of St. Brendan Made it to Iceland + Greenland, maybe North America (U.S.) No lasting impact maps show St. Brendan's Isle floating in sea 1001 Vikings Leif Eriksson "Lucky Leif" (b.970 d.1020) Son of Eric the Red - founder of Greenland Kicks son out for murdering a man "wergild" man price Takes his clan and settles in Vinland - his brother visits in 1004 Saga or Viking stories tell tales of Leif and having to fight Skraelings (Indians) Returns to Greenland No lasting impact on U.S. (there are maps) 1421 Chinese discover and circumnavigate (Zheng He) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships • 3 August 1492, first voyage landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian and returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Three poor ships, crews released from prison. • 1493, second voyage 17 ships 1500 men landed on Marie-Galante, then went again in Cap-Haitien, St. Ann's Bay, and returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496. • 1498, third voyage. 5 ships landed in Santo Domingo, and returned home again to Cadiz, Spain in 1500. • 1502, fourth and final voyage. landed on the Bay Islands off of Central America, Portobello, and then returned home to Sanlucar, Spain, for the final time • He later died in 1506 Columbus gets the credit why? CULTURAL EXCHANGE - Goods and Ideas Examples are: food, medicine, government, technology, arts, language Columbus/Euro pe brings Gunpowder Guns Domest icated animals Chickens Goats Horses Cows Metals Diseases Native American give Foods Corn Potatoes Be ans Tomatoes Squash Pe anuts Hunting skills Lacrosse Methods of War Political structure Ideas (League of the Iroquois) Diseases Eur ope Arrives in America Why - what leads to it? What Changed in Europe for Columbus to get all the credit? Europe coming out of Dark Ages (fall of Roman Empire) 470 A.D. Augustulas Romulus defeated by Germanic General Odacer No central control, power to local leaders/warlords Holy Roman Emperor (962 - 1806 German Kings) Middle Ages 500 - 1350 (632 prophet Mohammad dies) Knowledge in Europe actually shrinks (church says earth is flat, in control of Europe) Holy Roman Empire 962 - 1806 Unity of all Christian in a single state Hierarchical Political Organization - one head over all states Black Plague There have been three great pandemics of bubonic plague in history: There are three related diseases that make up the Black Death Bubonic Pneumonic Sep ticaemic plague Almost half of Europe's population died within three years. Feudal Structure: The feudal system provided local self-defense in the absence of strong rulers with large armies Feudalism form of government Nobles owe loyalty to king King rewards nobles with land (manors) or keeps (forts) Nobles collect taxes or tributes from peasants Peasants/serf s are bound to the land *People not educated *Church controlled all education and calendar *People do not move from land they are born on Manorialism Economic system of farming in England Originated from Roman estates (latifundia) Serfs controlled/worked the land property was shared lords/nobles headed manors lords/nobles protected people Primogeniture Oldest son inherits all land and money and power Problem of who would inherit land (Monarchs/Nobles) How to keep things together after the death of the head of the family Monarchy maintained itself by keeping power within the family without fighting Cities grew (population) New crops were cultivated NEW Innovative technologies often borrowed from the Muslims came into use Windmill Wheelbarrow helped people work Iron horseshoe Breast-strap increased the usefulness of horses as draught animals Trade Routes National wealth depends on the ability to trade Land trade routes must go through others nations dangerous and expensive 1265 - 1295 Marco Polo (Description of the World) b. 1254 d.1324 Crusades - religious wars to free Holy Land (1096 - 1291) Pope Urban II calls followers "mission" to free the holy land from an enemy "the Muslims" To unify the church under him against a common enemy Armed pilgrimages People from Europe travel to fight in the war (beginning control of trade/trade routes) War helps improve: trade, ships (sailing techniques), weapons, travel, and education Also rediscoveries of old knowledge Renaissance - rebirth of old teachings, and translations from other countries *Renaissance Man - well educated knows a lot about everything Roman and Greek influences 1360 gun powder and cannons Seaborne trade revived, Asian invention Magnetized needle Heavier craft suitable for ocean navigation Naval power = sea trade routes = National Wealth Ability to protect and insure trade route Trade route competition Portugal Spain France England New Reasons for Exploring Technology M apmaking Earth is round Believe shorter to Asia across the Atlantic Ocean Exploration continued skills increased Navigation instruments Compass As trolabe Allowed sailors to determine the relative height of stars and planets CHRONOMETER A mechanical device for keeping time independent of ship's motion. 1735 Access to new markets Different types of Economic System Mercantilism economic theory that says the world only has a fixed amount of wealth and that to increase a countries wealth (Economic Warfare) Discover Capture Trade Triangular Trade (keep colonies as trade partners, captive markets) Export raw materials Import finished goods (goods from other countries must pass through) Rebirth of banking Trade goods began to move from region to region (larger movement) New money help/encourage trade and encouraged a social revolution (Middle Class) Usury - charge interest when loaning money Printing Press invented Johannes Gutenberg - 1440 - 1445 prints bibles (Crusader passports) New way to store knowledge Learning leads to better education More and less expensive books (Hand copied by monks before) 1483 - 1546 Martin Luther 1517 Protestant Reformation Roman Catholic Church split into pieces "The just shall live by faith" - Church begins to lose control of education and ability to interpret (Printing Press) Martin Luther Against selling of indulgences Salvation to be through faith and the Bible Did not believe in the supremacy of the Pope Entered a monastery Posted 95 Thesis on church door Refused to withdraw his ideas at the Diet of Worms Published three books outlining his ideas Had a religious experience convincing him salvation was possible through faith alone Translated the Bible from Latin into German (common language) 1534 Enclosure Movement in England Close off the land from peasants larger more efficient fields farming and sheep herds (wool) Creates homeless and crime problems cities populations rise (strolling poor) Old World Colonial Powers Portugal 1394 - 1460 Portugal King's son Prince Henry "the navigator" - opens sailing school Prince Henry's aim - Portuguese sailors should sail around Africa and reach India (Spice) Three main motives behind Prince Henry's ambition: Desire for knowledge Being a devout Christian Spice trade ($) Sails to Africa School acts as a collection point for maps and trade info Trades with Africa and India (makes it around horn of Africa) 1441 Portuguese raid African village and take many as slaves 1486 Bartholomew Diaz Cape of Good Hope (west coast of Africa) 1497 Vasco da Gama sails all the way to India 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral on his way around Africa "goes off course by accident" Lands on Brazil, claims it for Portugal AGE OF DISCOVERY (thanks to Henry's advances) Spain The union of the Spanish kingdoms of Aragón and Castile 1469 by Ferdinand's (Aragon) marriage to his cousin Isabella I (Queen of Castile) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella pay for Christopher Columbus After victory over Moors To sail west to Asia Instead of on Portuguese trade route Columbus says route (trade route, not that world is round) would be shorter 4 trips in all later will be arrested First trip is a gamble on an Italian captain 3 August 1492, left Spain first voyage Landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian Three poor ships crew released from prison 3 ships Santa Maria, Nina, Pinta Arrive October 12, 1492 Columbus keeps two sets of books lies about true distance traveled crew almost mutinies October 1492, marked the beginning of the Spanish conquest of the New World In the name of "Gold, Glory and God" ("Por Rey y Santiago&quot 1st colony Hispanolia *called La Navidad Returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Destroyed by Indians not long after he left to report findings No survivors November 1493 leaves Spain for second voyage 17 ships 1500 men Landed on Marie-Galante names new city Isabella after queen Went again in Cap-Haitien St. Ann's Bay First permanent is Santo Domingo (still there) *Port of Discovery Returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496 Portuguese King tries to claim discovery made by Columbus (he asked them first they refused) Papal Line of Demarcation (papal bull- order from the pope)(1493) Pope (Pope Alexander VI) divides the world between Spain and Portugal To keep the two most powerful and wealth R.C. nations from going to war (Mentions no other countries) Portugal and Spain ratify under The Treaty of Tordesillas June 6th 1494 Portugal gets known world Spain gets new or yet to be discovered world May 1498 left Spain for his third voyage 6 ships Landed in Santo Domingo Discovers South America Arrested and returned to Spain 1500 May 1502 4th voyage trip not allowed to land in Santo Domingo Explores - ship wrecked on Jamaica Returns to Spain November 1504 Dies in Spain May 20, 1506 Amerigo Vespucci (1451 - 1512) Sails for Portugal and Spain (named Pilot Major of Spain 150 he is from Italy Makes map shows NEW WORLD get nick name Amerigo's Land or in Latin "AMERICA" Martin Waldseemuller woodcut map identifies land as America (1538 Gerardus Mercator Map shows North and South America) Spain in the New World Spanish goals (and Portugals&#039 Conquest, colonization, and conversion In Europe Primogeniture = oldest son inherits all after father's death Second sons are motivated into colonization and conquest Conquistadors - Spanish conquers (soldiers) Fight for - God, King, Money (gold) Spain has been at war for 700 years (Moors) Fall of Granada Priest - convert Heathens to Christ 1511 conquistadors have conquered Puerto Rico 1508 - 1509 By Juan Ponce De Leon Fountain of Youth Jamaica 1510 Cuba 1511 Dominican Republic and Haiti 1511 Still looking for an all water trade route to Asia (Spice Islands) 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers Isthmus of Panama Only 23 miles wide now they believe in a water route (Columbus short trade route) First to see Pacific from the Eastern side claims for Spain 1519 Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese sailor has been to Spice Island Hired by Spain to prove Columbus right or wrong First to cross Pacific (first to circumnavigate the globe) Started with five ships and 270 men, 3 years later (1522) one ship and 18 men get back to Spain. Magellan gets killed in Philippines April 27th 1521 War between tribe he converted to Christianity and neighboring tribe Proves earth is round and true size - found the all water route Spanish Brings the end to Civilizations Aztecs 1 519 - 1521 Hernando Cortes (b.1485 d.1547) Conquistador, conquers two tribes that the Aztecs had already conquered From them he learns of the Aztecs, he organizes them to help him fight Aztecs Cortes also learns that the Aztecs are waiting for the return of their god Quetzalcoatl (The Plumed serpent), he left them into the Caribbean, saying he would return some day Montezuma II welcomes the Spanish with gifts Their houses are pushed by clouds Have conquered other tribes Cortes kidnaps Montezuma, and demands gold from the Aztecs 600 soldiers + 16 horses + 10 brass cannon + dogs (10 ships burned) Holds Aztecs' capital "Tenochtitlan&quo t; and ruler "Montezuma" for 6 months Convert Montezuma and kill him (garrote) when they are attacked Blame the Aztec attackers Aztecs counter-attack under command of Montezuma's brother drive Spanish out of city Spanish get the help of other conquered tribes and attack city for six months to win Incas 1520 - 1535 Fransico Pizarro (b.1475 d.1541) A citizen of Panama and experienced soldier 2 earlier attempts in 1520's (failed attempts, but he learned) First expedition - (80 men, 4 horses) starve Second expedition - capture a raft, 3 natives/translators, silver Third expedition - "Thirteen of glory" (followers turn back all but 12) Inca city of Tumbez (gets king's permission, made Gov./Gen. of Peru) Fourth expedition - (180 men, 37 horses) Tumbez found destroyed, Incas fighting Civil War, smallpox Conquest begins (Huascar in charge of the capital at Cuzco, Atahualpa in charge Inca army) Arrival in Cajamarca - Atahualpa waiting for news of battle Atahualpa captured Atahualpa 9;s ransom Death of Huascar Execution (garrote) 1535 Spain controls most of Inca Empire (West Coast of South America) Spain feels Pacific Ocean is their possession Spanish Borderlands - Spanish attempts to invade other Indian lands Fla. To California Indians in these areas different than pervious experiences: Not on overall ruling group Tribal not empire Constant warfare 1516 Juan Ponce de Leon - Fla. fountain of youth never found (1521 settlement) 1539 Hernando de Soto - explored up the Mississippi (fever) 1540 Francisco Coronado - 7 cities of gold explore west saw the Grand Canyon (1542 broke) 1527 - Panfilo de Narvaez - looking for riches Fla. Attacks Indians in Fla. Forced to retreat Shipwrecked on the coast of Texas - leaves men goes into gulf in small boat lost Alvar Nunez Cebeza - leads group of survivors in land Estaban - Black mercenary/healer/trans lator Indians capture and make them slaves - believe they have healing powers Finally get back to Spanish settlement in 1536 Report size of area 1300 miles Number of tribes 1539 Juan Cabrillo Explores West Coast of America Laws = Laws of the Indies Spanish society Pyramid Viceroy - rules in King's name. New Spain and Peru both have one Peninsulares - highest class born in Spain set to rule Creoles - Born in Americas to Spanish parents Mestizos - Mixed parents Indian and Spanish Indians - lowest class, considered conquered people Three types of settlements: (each addresses one of Spain's goals) Pueblos - towns center of farming area some protection (colonization) Presidi os - Military center, fort usually at river junctions (conquest) Missions - for religious conversion (conversion) Encomiend as - Spanish allowed to demand taxes or labor from all people Indians made slaves Columbus order native fill bells with gold If they can't pay that way they must provide labor *Mines and Plantations are the labor demands put on Indians Indians die quickly living in this situation Priest - Fr. Bartolome de Las Casas writes King and asks for reforms To stop Indian abuse Leads to importation of African slaves Sees the change and argues against African slaves Dies before his request for changes can be made Originally a Conquistador then become priest 1539 First book printed in Mexico (not really a colony they can do anything Europe can) 1551 University of Mexico opens 1565 St. Augustine - presidio first permanent city in North America Spanish found the French (Protestant) trying to build a fort/trade post Massacre them, then built a fort to keep them from trying it again Interested in it once they may try again Put fort there to stop it from happening Refuel and patrol fort Spanish changes to the world (1492 - 1560) Gold exported from New World 5x all in Europe before 1560 500x what Spain had before 1492 Permanent Settlement in New World Native Americans options To be killed or enslaved Dislocation or conversion Fight back 1/25 survive European diseases Europe Competes with Spain 1497 England 1497 Giovanni Caboto Italian sailing for England English King Henry VII calls him John Cabot (and brother Sebastian) Finds Newfoundland Declares fishing waters off "new found land" or Newfoundland for England Ship The Matthew 20 men 2nd trip 5 ships 200 men lost at sea (restart) 1500 - 1501 Portugal - Pedro Alvares Cabral finds Brazil (accident) 1524 Verranzano and Cartier - explores for France France explores and declares for themselves Carolinas to Canada Find St. Lawrence River Gone by 1535 (restart 1603) 1566 England Sir Humphrey Gilbert Harbor Colony of St. John 1609 Henry Hudson - explores for the Dutch Dutch East India Company on this trip, Hudson found what is called the Hudson River European Rivalries Old arguments from Europe come to the New World (countries not listed on the Papal Decree) Religious and Political differences 1517 Catholics vs. Protestants Protestant Reformation - Martin Luther France and Spain remains Catholic England, Germany and Holland Protestant Fight for religious and trade purposes Queen Elizabeth of England encourages the English to raid Spanish trade/ships Dutch and English also compete for trade in the New World New France 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas gives France no share of the New World French crown ignored the arrangement Francis I underwrote Verrazzano's exploratory voyage (1524) Cartier and Roberval on the St. Lawrence (1534-1543) 1603 - 1605 Samuel de Champlain (7 total voyages) Founds Port Royal Nova Scotia France actively encouraged the settlement of Quebec, Newfoundland and the Maritimes All settlers must be Roman Catholic church of France Declares St. Lawrence for France Founds Quebec (160 puts a fort where the St. Lawrence narrows Fishing and Fur trade French trap trade live and marry Indians French settlers called "coureurs de bois" = runners of the woods French send missionaries to convert the Indians (map large areas) Champlain maps St. Lawrence discovers Great Lakes with Indian help Excellent map maker, soldier, leader, businessman 1673 Fr. Marquette + Louis Joliet Maps Mississippi for over 700 miles before turning back 1682 Robert de La Salle Maps all the Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico claims all for France Names Louisiana after King Louis XIV Include any land and river system that flows into the Mississippi New France Government King appointed council and Governor Rules in the name of the king (rules harsh in town better to live in woods) King wants to calm colony down sends 1000 farmers with land rights to colony in 1660 Also send several hundred single women to colony 1671 Wants people to farm along St. Lawrence (only works somewhat) New France has less dense population, and better Indian relations New Netherlands (Holland, Dutch) 1581 declare independence from Spain (reformation) 1609 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson River (New York - Albany) Englishmen exploring for the Netherlands (maps) Ship Half Moon 1611 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay for English ship Hopewell Muscovy (Russia) Company - his family owns shares Father was a member of Cabot's crew Northwest Passage - pass over Pole (no ice because of sun) 1611 lost at sea crew mutinied - exploring for England 1621 Dutch West India Company (United Dutch East India Company Maps) Given charter to open trade and colonize New World Under charter they also commission Privateers (to disrupt Spanish trade and shipping) Letter of Marque (or Letter of Reprisal) Letters of --, Authority formerly given to private persons to fit out an armed ship For use in Attack Cap
ericvolp12 : First Contact (new and old worlds) 578 St. Brendan The Navigator (b.484 d.577 or 583) Irish monk - go on journey for the lord to spread the Word of God Used currach boat - skin covered wood framed light boat some had sails Set up missions along his route picked up locals to show him next community On Irish maps references made to the Isle of St. Brendan Made it to Iceland + Greenland, maybe North America (U.S.) No lasting impact maps show St. Brendan's Isle floating in sea 1001 Vikings Leif Eriksson "Lucky Leif" (b.970 d.1020) Son of Eric the Red - founder of Greenland Kicks son out for murdering a man "wergild" man price Takes his clan and settles in Vinland - his brother visits in 1004 Saga or Viking stories tell tales of Leif and having to fight Skraelings (Indians) Returns to Greenland No lasting impact on U.S. (there are maps) 1421 Chinese discover and circumnavigate (Zheng He) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships • 3 August 1492, first voyage landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian and returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Three poor ships, crews released from prison. • 1493, second voyage 17 ships 1500 men landed on Marie-Galante, then went again in Cap-Haitien, St. Ann's Bay, and returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496. • 1498, third voyage. 5 ships landed in Santo Domingo, and returned home again to Cadiz, Spain in 1500. • 1502, fourth and final voyage. landed on the Bay Islands off of Central America, Portobello, and then returned home to Sanlucar, Spain, for the final time • He later died in 1506 Columbus gets the credit why? CULTURAL EXCHANGE - Goods and Ideas Examples are: food, medicine, government, technology, arts, language Columbus/Euro pe brings Gunpowder Guns Domest icated animals Chickens Goats Horses Cows Metals Diseases Native American give Foods Corn Potatoes Be ans Tomatoes Squash Pe anuts Hunting skills Lacrosse Methods of War Political structure Ideas (League of the Iroquois) Diseases Eur ope Arrives in America Why - what leads to it? What Changed in Europe for Columbus to get all the credit? Europe coming out of Dark Ages (fall of Roman Empire) 470 A.D. Augustulas Romulus defeated by Germanic General Odacer No central control, power to local leaders/warlords Holy Roman Emperor (962 - 1806 German Kings) Middle Ages 500 - 1350 (632 prophet Mohammad dies) Knowledge in Europe actually shrinks (church says earth is flat, in control of Europe) Holy Roman Empire 962 - 1806 Unity of all Christian in a single state Hierarchical Political Organization - one head over all states Black Plague There have been three great pandemics of bubonic plague in history: There are three related diseases that make up the Black Death Bubonic Pneumonic Sep ticaemic plague Almost half of Europe's population died within three years. Feudal Structure: The feudal system provided local self-defense in the absence of strong rulers with large armies Feudalism form of government Nobles owe loyalty to king King rewards nobles with land (manors) or keeps (forts) Nobles collect taxes or tributes from peasants Peasants/serf s are bound to the land *People not educated *Church controlled all education and calendar *People do not move from land they are born on Manorialism Economic system of farming in England Originated from Roman estates (latifundia) Serfs controlled/worked the land property was shared lords/nobles headed manors lords/nobles protected people Primogeniture Oldest son inherits all land and money and power Problem of who would inherit land (Monarchs/Nobles) How to keep things together after the death of the head of the family Monarchy maintained itself by keeping power within the family without fighting Cities grew (population) New crops were cultivated NEW Innovative technologies often borrowed from the Muslims came into use Windmill Wheelbarrow helped people work Iron horseshoe Breast-strap increased the usefulness of horses as draught animals Trade Routes National wealth depends on the ability to trade Land trade routes must go through others nations dangerous and expensive 1265 - 1295 Marco Polo (Description of the World) b. 1254 d.1324 Crusades - religious wars to free Holy Land (1096 - 1291) Pope Urban II calls followers "mission" to free the holy land from an enemy "the Muslims" To unify the church under him against a common enemy Armed pilgrimages People from Europe travel to fight in the war (beginning control of trade/trade routes) War helps improve: trade, ships (sailing techniques), weapons, travel, and education Also rediscoveries of old knowledge Renaissance - rebirth of old teachings, and translations from other countries *Renaissance Man - well educated knows a lot about everything Roman and Greek influences 1360 gun powder and cannons Seaborne trade revived, Asian invention Magnetized needle Heavier craft suitable for ocean navigation Naval power = sea trade routes = National Wealth Ability to protect and insure trade route Trade route competition Portugal Spain France England New Reasons for Exploring Technology M apmaking Earth is round Believe shorter to Asia across the Atlantic Ocean Exploration continued skills increased Navigation instruments Compass As trolabe Allowed sailors to determine the relative height of stars and planets CHRONOMETER A mechanical device for keeping time independent of ship's motion. 1735 Access to new markets Different types of Economic System Mercantilism economic theory that says the world only has a fixed amount of wealth and that to increase a countries wealth (Economic Warfare) Discover Capture Trade Triangular Trade (keep colonies as trade partners, captive markets) Export raw materials Import finished goods (goods from other countries must pass through) Rebirth of banking Trade goods began to move from region to region (larger movement) New money help/encourage trade and encouraged a social revolution (Middle Class) Usury - charge interest when loaning money Printing Press invented Johannes Gutenberg - 1440 - 1445 prints bibles (Crusader passports) New way to store knowledge Learning leads to better education More and less expensive books (Hand copied by monks before) 1483 - 1546 Martin Luther 1517 Protestant Reformation Roman Catholic Church split into pieces "The just shall live by faith" - Church begins to lose control of education and ability to interpret (Printing Press) Martin Luther Against selling of indulgences Salvation to be through faith and the Bible Did not believe in the supremacy of the Pope Entered a monastery Posted 95 Thesis on church door Refused to withdraw his ideas at the Diet of Worms Published three books outlining his ideas Had a religious experience convincing him salvation was possible through faith alone Translated the Bible from Latin into German (common language) 1534 Enclosure Movement in England Close off the land from peasants larger more efficient fields farming and sheep herds (wool) Creates homeless and crime problems cities populations rise (strolling poor) Old World Colonial Powers Portugal 1394 - 1460 Portugal King's son Prince Henry "the navigator" - opens sailing school Prince Henry's aim - Portuguese sailors should sail around Africa and reach India (Spice) Three main motives behind Prince Henry's ambition: Desire for knowledge Being a devout Christian Spice trade ($) Sails to Africa School acts as a collection point for maps and trade info Trades with Africa and India (makes it around horn of Africa) 1441 Portuguese raid African village and take many as slaves 1486 Bartholomew Diaz Cape of Good Hope (west coast of Africa) 1497 Vasco da Gama sails all the way to India 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral on his way around Africa "goes off course by accident" Lands on Brazil, claims it for Portugal AGE OF DISCOVERY (thanks to Henry's advances) Spain The union of the Spanish kingdoms of Aragón and Castile 1469 by Ferdinand's (Aragon) marriage to his cousin Isabella I (Queen of Castile) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella pay for Christopher Columbus After victory over Moors To sail west to Asia Instead of on Portuguese trade route Columbus says route (trade route, not that world is round) would be shorter 4 trips in all later will be arrested First trip is a gamble on an Italian captain 3 August 1492, left Spain first voyage Landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian Three poor ships crew released from prison 3 ships Santa Maria, Nina, Pinta Arrive October 12, 1492 Columbus keeps two sets of books lies about true distance traveled crew almost mutinies October 1492, marked the beginning of the Spanish conquest of the New World In the name of "Gold, Glory and God" ("Por Rey y Santiago&quot ;) 1st colony Hispanolia *called La Navidad Returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Destroyed by Indians not long after he left to report findings No survivors November 1493 leaves Spain for second voyage 17 ships 1500 men Landed on Marie-Galante names new city Isabella after queen Went again in Cap-Haitien St. Ann's Bay First permanent is Santo Domingo (still there) *Port of Discovery Returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496 Portuguese King tries to claim discovery made by Columbus (he asked them first they refused) Papal Line of Demarcation (papal bull- order from the pope)(1493) Pope (Pope Alexander VI) divides the world between Spain and Portugal To keep the two most powerful and wealth R.C. nations from going to war (Mentions no other countries) Portugal and Spain ratify under The Treaty of Tordesillas June 6th 1494 Portugal gets known world Spain gets new or yet to be discovered world May 1498 left Spain for his third voyage 6 ships Landed in Santo Domingo Discovers South America Arrested and returned to Spain 1500 May 1502 4th voyage trip not allowed to land in Santo Domingo Explores - ship wrecked on Jamaica Returns to Spain November 1504 Dies in Spain May 20, 1506 Amerigo Vespucci (1451 - 1512) Sails for Portugal and Spain (named Pilot Major of Spain 150 8) he is from Italy Makes map shows NEW WORLD get nick name Amerigo's Land or in Latin "AMERICA" Martin Waldseemuller woodcut map identifies land as America (1538 Gerardus Mercator Map shows North and South America) Spain in the New World Spanish goals (and Portugals&#039 ;) Conquest, colonization, and conversion In Europe Primogeniture = oldest son inherits all after father's death Second sons are motivated into colonization and conquest Conquistadors - Spanish conquers (soldiers) Fight for - God, King, Money (gold) Spain has been at war for 700 years (Moors) Fall of Granada Priest - convert Heathens to Christ 1511 conquistadors have conquered Puerto Rico 1508 - 1509 By Juan Ponce De Leon Fountain of Youth Jamaica 1510 Cuba 1511 Dominican Republic and Haiti 1511 Still looking for an all water trade route to Asia (Spice Islands) 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers Isthmus of Panama Only 23 miles wide now they believe in a water route (Columbus short trade route) First to see Pacific from the Eastern side claims for Spain 1519 Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese sailor has been to Spice Island Hired by Spain to prove Columbus right or wrong First to cross Pacific (first to circumnavigate the globe) Started with five ships and 270 men, 3 years later (1522) one ship and 18 men get back to Spain. Magellan gets killed in Philippines April 27th 1521 War between tribe he converted to Christianity and neighboring tribe Proves earth is round and true size - found the all water route Spanish Brings the end to Civilizations Aztecs 1 519 - 1521 Hernando Cortes (b.1485 d.1547) Conquistador, conquers two tribes that the Aztecs had already conquered From them he learns of the Aztecs, he organizes them to help him fight Aztecs Cortes also learns that the Aztecs are waiting for the return of their god Quetzalcoatl (The Plumed serpent), he left them into the Caribbean, saying he would return some day Montezuma II welcomes the Spanish with gifts Their houses are pushed by clouds Have conquered other tribes Cortes kidnaps Montezuma, and demands gold from the Aztecs 600 soldiers + 16 horses + 10 brass cannon + dogs (10 ships burned) Holds Aztecs' capital "Tenochtitlan&quo t; and ruler "Montezuma" for 6 months Convert Montezuma and kill him (garrote) when they are attacked Blame the Aztec attackers Aztecs counter-attack under command of Montezuma's brother drive Spanish out of city Spanish get the help of other conquered tribes and attack city for six months to win Incas 1520 - 1535 Fransico Pizarro (b.1475 d.1541) A citizen of Panama and experienced soldier 2 earlier attempts in 1520's (failed attempts, but he learned) First expedition - (80 men, 4 horses) starve Second expedition - capture a raft, 3 natives/translators, silver Third expedition - "Thirteen of glory" (followers turn back all but 12) Inca city of Tumbez (gets king's permission, made Gov./Gen. of Peru) Fourth expedition - (180 men, 37 horses) Tumbez found destroyed, Incas fighting Civil War, smallpox Conquest begins (Huascar in charge of the capital at Cuzco, Atahualpa in charge Inca army) Arrival in Cajamarca - Atahualpa waiting for news of battle Atahualpa captured Atahualpa 9;s ransom Death of Huascar Execution (garrote) 1535 Spain controls most of Inca Empire (West Coast of South America) Spain feels Pacific Ocean is their possession Spanish Borderlands - Spanish attempts to invade other Indian lands Fla. To California Indians in these areas different than pervious experiences: Not on overall ruling group Tribal not empire Constant warfare 1516 Juan Ponce de Leon - Fla. fountain of youth never found (1521 settlement) 1539 Hernando de Soto - explored up the Mississippi (fever) 1540 Francisco Coronado - 7 cities of gold explore west saw the Grand Canyon (1542 broke) 1527 - Panfilo de Narvaez - looking for riches Fla. Attacks Indians in Fla. Forced to retreat Shipwrecked on the coast of Texas - leaves men goes into gulf in small boat lost Alvar Nunez Cebeza - leads group of survivors in land Estaban - Black mercenary/healer/trans lator Indians capture and make them slaves - believe they have healing powers Finally get back to Spanish settlement in 1536 Report size of area 1300 miles Number of tribes 1539 Juan Cabrillo Explores West Coast of America Laws = Laws of the Indies Spanish society Pyramid Viceroy - rules in King's name. New Spain and Peru both have one Peninsulares - highest class born in Spain set to rule Creoles - Born in Americas to Spanish parents Mestizos - Mixed parents Indian and Spanish Indians - lowest class, considered conquered people Three types of settlements: (each addresses one of Spain's goals) Pueblos - towns center of farming area some protection (colonization) Presidi os - Military center, fort usually at river junctions (conquest) Missions - for religious conversion (conversion) Encomiend as - Spanish allowed to demand taxes or labor from all people Indians made slaves Columbus order native fill bells with gold If they can't pay that way they must provide labor *Mines and Plantations are the labor demands put on Indians Indians die quickly living in this situation Priest - Fr. Bartolome de Las Casas writes King and asks for reforms To stop Indian abuse Leads to importation of African slaves Sees the change and argues against African slaves Dies before his request for changes can be made Originally a Conquistador then become priest 1539 First book printed in Mexico (not really a colony they can do anything Europe can) 1551 University of Mexico opens 1565 St. Augustine - presidio first permanent city in North America Spanish found the French (Protestant) trying to build a fort/trade post Massacre them, then built a fort to keep them from trying it again Interested in it once they may try again Put fort there to stop it from happening Refuel and patrol fort Spanish changes to the world (1492 - 1560) Gold exported from New World 5x all in Europe before 1560 500x what Spain had before 1492 Permanent Settlement in New World Native Americans options To be killed or enslaved Dislocation or conversion Fight back 1/25 survive European diseases Europe Competes with Spain 1497 England 1497 Giovanni Caboto Italian sailing for England English King Henry VII calls him John Cabot (and brother Sebastian) Finds Newfoundland Declares fishing waters off "new found land" or Newfoundland for England Ship The Matthew 20 men 2nd trip 5 ships 200 men lost at sea (restart) 1500 - 1501 Portugal - Pedro Alvares Cabral finds Brazil (accident) 1524 Verranzano and Cartier - explores for France France explores and declares for themselves Carolinas to Canada Find St. Lawrence River Gone by 1535 (restart 1603) 1566 England Sir Humphrey Gilbert Harbor Colony of St. John 1609 Henry Hudson - explores for the Dutch Dutch East India Company on this trip, Hudson found what is called the Hudson River European Rivalries Old arguments from Europe come to the New World (countries not listed on the Papal Decree) Religious and Political differences 1517 Catholics vs. Protestants Protestant Reformation - Martin Luther France and Spain remains Catholic England, Germany and Holland Protestant Fight for religious and trade purposes Queen Elizabeth of England encourages the English to raid Spanish trade/ships Dutch and English also compete for trade in the New World New France 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas gives France no share of the New World French crown ignored the arrangement Francis I underwrote Verrazzano's exploratory voyage (1524) Cartier and Roberval on the St. Lawrence (1534-1543) 1603 - 1605 Samuel de Champlain (7 total voyages) Founds Port Royal Nova Scotia France actively encouraged the settlement of Quebec, Newfoundland and the Maritimes All settlers must be Roman Catholic church of France Declares St. Lawrence for France Founds Quebec (160 8) puts a fort where the St. Lawrence narrows Fishing and Fur trade French trap trade live and marry Indians French settlers called "coureurs de bois" = runners of the woods French send missionaries to convert the Indians (map large areas) Champlain maps St. Lawrence discovers Great Lakes with Indian help Excellent map maker, soldier, leader, businessman 1673 Fr. Marquette + Louis Joliet Maps Mississippi for over 700 miles before turning back 1682 Robert de La Salle Maps all the Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico claims all for France Names Louisiana after King Louis XIV Include any land and river system that flows into the Mississippi New France Government King appointed council and Governor Rules in the name of the king (rules harsh in town better to live in woods) King wants to calm colony down sends 1000 farmers with land rights to colony in 1660 Also send several hundred single women to colony 1671 Wants people to farm along St. Lawrence (only works somewhat) New France has less dense population, and better Indian relations New Netherlands (Holland, Dutch) 1581 declare independence from Spain (reformation) 1609 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson River (New York - Albany) Englishmen exploring for the Netherlands (maps) Ship Half Moon 1611 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay for English ship Hopewell Muscovy (Russia) Company - his family owns shares Father was a member of Cabot's crew Northwest Passage - pass over Pole (no ice because of sun) 1611 lost at sea crew mutinied - exploring for England 1621 Dutch West India Company (United Dutch East India Company Maps) Given charter to open trade and colonize New World Under charter they also commission Privateers (to disrupt Spanish trade and shipping) Letter of Marque (or Letter of Reprisal) Letters of --, Authority formerly given to private persons to fit out an armed ship For use in Attack Capture Plun der of enemy merchant ships in time of war Letters used by governments to augment National Navy 1626 Peter Minuit first governor (director-general) Buys Manhattan Island from Indians for 60 "guilders" worth 24 English pounds Names new colony (Fort on Manhattan) New Amsterdam (New York City) Fort Orange also builds a trading outpost (Albany New York) Control Hudson River valley New Netherlands becomes major trading port They allow any nation or religion into their colony No need to control trade route Will carry goods for any nation Encourage other nations to use port and trade 3rd Governor William Kieft (the Butcher) 1597 - 1647 1638 Governor of New Amsterdam Unhappy with condition imposes military law and Indian tax Fur trade is declining from over hunting Dutch being to farm and take land from Indians This leads to some bad blood Makes military improvements to expand control and territory Uses Indian allies to influence other Indian tribes (Mohawks) Wipes out Wappinger Indians "Slaughter of The Innocents" 80 heads soccer balls 30 tortured publicly All Indian tribes declare war 6th Governor Peter Stuyvesant 1640 Must win war started by Kieft Puts wall by harbor to protect it (Wall St.) 1637 - 1655 Dutch capture New Sweden (Delaware) Founded by Peter Minuit Fired by Dutch because of Patroon System Dutch become rivals of the French in the fur trade Dutch ally with Iroquois French ally with Algonquin Indians begin to fight for European allies Government Governor, or "Director General" Governor and a council of five appointed by the company in Holland Patroon System - Least fifty settlers fifteen years of age or over Patroon was granted an estate of sixteen miles river frontage One side of a river or bay Or eight miles on each side of a river As far inland "as the situation of the occupiers will admit." 1664 England takes over New Amsterdam Changes name to New York after king's brother James, The Duke of York and Albany
ericvolp12 : Here R
ericvolp12 : Here R The history notes, no need to tank me.
ericvolp12 : First Contact (new and old worlds) 578 St. Brendan The Navigator (b.484 d.577 or 583) Irish monk - go on journey for the lord to spread the Word of God Used currach boat - skin covered wood framed light boat some had sails Set up missions along his route picked up locals to show him next community On Irish maps references made to the Isle of St. Brendan Made it to Iceland + Greenland, maybe North America (U.S.) No lasting impact maps show St. Brendan's Isle floating in sea 1001 Vikings Leif Eriksson "Lucky Leif" (b.970 d.1020) Son of Eric the Red - founder of Greenland Kicks son out for murdering a man "wergild" man price Takes his clan and settles in Vinland - his brother visits in 1004 Saga or Viking stories tell tales of Leif and having to fight Skraelings (Indians) Returns to Greenland No lasting impact on U.S. (there are maps) 1421 Chinese discover and circumnavigate (Zheng He) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships • 3 August 1492, first voyage landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian and returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Three poor ships, crews released from prison. • 1493, second voyage 17 ships 1500 men landed on Marie-Galante, then went again in Cap-Haitien, St. Ann's Bay, and returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496. • 1498, third voyage. 5 ships landed in Santo Domingo, and returned home again to Cadiz, Spain in 1500. • 1502, fourth and final voyage. landed on the Bay Islands off of Central America, Portobello, and then returned home to Sanlucar, Spain, for the final time • He later died in 1506 Columbus gets the credit why? CULTURAL EXCHANGE - Goods and Ideas Examples are: food, medicine, government, technology, arts, language Columbus/Euro pe brings Gunpowder Guns Domest icated animals Chickens Goats Horses Cows Metals Diseases Native American give Foods Corn Potatoes Be ans Tomatoes Squash Pe anuts Hunting skills Lacrosse Methods of War Political structure Ideas (League of the Iroquois) Diseases Eur ope Arrives in America Why - what leads to it? What Changed in Europe for Columbus to get all the credit? Europe coming out of Dark Ages (fall of Roman Empire) 470 A.D. Augustulas Romulus defeated by Germanic General Odacer No central control, power to local leaders/warlords Holy Roman Emperor (962 - 1806 German Kings) Middle Ages 500 - 1350 (632 prophet Mohammad dies) Knowledge in Europe actually shrinks (church says earth is flat, in control of Europe) Holy Roman Empire 962 - 1806 Unity of all Christian in a single state Hierarchical Political Organization - one head over all states Black Plague There have been three great pandemics of bubonic plague in history: There are three related diseases that make up the Black Death Bubonic Pneumonic Sep ticaemic plague Almost half of Europe's population died within three years. Feudal Structure: The feudal system provided local self-defense in the absence of strong rulers with large armies Feudalism form of government Nobles owe loyalty to king King rewards nobles with land (manors) or keeps (forts) Nobles collect taxes or tributes from peasants Peasants/serf s are bound to the land *People not educated *Church controlled all education and calendar *People do not move from land they are born on Manorialism Economic system of farming in England Originated from Roman estates (latifundia) Serfs controlled/worked the land property was shared lords/nobles headed manors lords/nobles protected people Primogeniture Oldest son inherits all land and money and power Problem of who would inherit land (Monarchs/Nobles) How to keep things together after the death of the head of the family Monarchy maintained itself by keeping power within the family without fighting Cities grew (population) New crops were cultivated NEW Innovative technologies often borrowed from the Muslims came into use Windmill Wheelbarrow helped people work Iron horseshoe Breast-strap increased the usefulness of horses as draught animals Trade Routes National wealth depends on the ability to trade Land trade routes must go through others nations dangerous and expensive 1265 - 1295 Marco Polo (Description of the World) b. 1254 d.1324 Crusades - religious wars to free Holy Land (1096 - 1291) Pope Urban II calls followers "mission" to free the holy land from an enemy "the Muslims" To unify the church under him against a common enemy Armed pilgrimages People from Europe travel to fight in the war (beginning control of trade/trade routes) War helps improve: trade, ships (sailing techniques), weapons, travel, and education Also rediscoveries of old knowledge Renaissance - rebirth of old teachings, and translations from other countries *Renaissance Man - well educated knows a lot about everything Roman and Greek influences 1360 gun powder and cannons Seaborne trade revived, Asian invention Magnetized needle Heavier craft suitable for ocean navigation Naval power = sea trade routes = National Wealth Ability to protect and insure trade route Trade route competition Portugal Spain France England New Reasons for Exploring Technology M apmaking Earth is round Believe shorter to Asia across the Atlantic Ocean Exploration continued skills increased Navigation instruments Compass As trolabe Allowed sailors to determine the relative height of stars and planets CHRONOMETER A mechanical device for keeping time independent of ship's motion. 1735 Access to new markets Different types of Economic System Mercantilism economic theory that says the world only has a fixed amount of wealth and that to increase a countries wealth (Economic Warfare) Discover Capture Trade Triangular Trade (keep colonies as trade partners, captive markets) Export raw materials Import finished goods (goods from other countries must pass through) Rebirth of banking Trade goods began to move from region to region (larger movement) New money help/encourage trade and encouraged a social revolution (Middle Class) Usury - charge interest when loaning money Printing Press invented Johannes Gutenberg - 1440 - 1445 prints bibles (Crusader passports) New way to store knowledge Learning leads to better education More and less expensive books (Hand copied by monks before) 1483 - 1546 Martin Luther 1517 Protestant Reformation Roman Catholic Church split into pieces "The just shall live by faith" - Church begins to lose control of education and ability to interpret (Printing Press) Martin Luther Against selling of indulgences Salvation to be through faith and the Bible Did not believe in the supremacy of the Pope Entered a monastery Posted 95 Thesis on church door Refused to withdraw his ideas at the Diet of Worms Published three books outlining his ideas Had a religious experience convincing him salvation was possible through faith alone Translated the Bible from Latin into German (common language) 1534 Enclosure Movement in England Close off the land from peasants larger more efficient fields farming and sheep herds (wool) Creates homeless and crime problems cities populations rise (strolling poor) Old World Colonial Powers Portugal 1394 - 1460 Portugal King's son Prince Henry "the navigator" - opens sailing school Prince Henry's aim - Portuguese sailors should sail around Africa and reach India (Spice) Three main motives behind Prince Henry's ambition: Desire for knowledge Being a devout Christian Spice trade ($) Sails to Africa School acts as a collection point for maps and trade info Trades with Africa and India (makes it around horn of Africa) 1441 Portuguese raid African village and take many as slaves 1486 Bartholomew Diaz Cape of Good Hope (west coast of Africa) 1497 Vasco da Gama sails all the way to India 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral on his way around Africa "goes off course by accident" Lands on Brazil, claims it for Portugal AGE OF DISCOVERY (thanks to Henry's advances) Spain The union of the Spanish kingdoms of Aragón and Castile 1469 by Ferdinand's (Aragon) marriage to his cousin Isabella I (Queen of Castile) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella pay for Christopher Columbus After victory over Moors To sail west to Asia Instead of on Portuguese trade route Columbus says route (trade route, not that world is round) would be shorter 4 trips in all later will be arrested First trip is a gamble on an Italian captain 3 August 1492, left Spain first voyage Landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian Three poor ships crew released from prison 3 ships Santa Maria, Nina, Pinta Arrive October 12, 1492 Columbus keeps two sets of books lies about true distance traveled crew almost mutinies October 1492, marked the beginning of the Spanish conquest of the New World In the name of "Gold, Glory and God" ("Por Rey y Santiago&quot ;) 1st colony Hispanolia *called La Navidad Returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Destroyed by Indians not long after he left to report findings No survivors November 1493 leaves Spain for second voyage 17 ships 1500 men Landed on Marie-Galante names new city Isabella after queen Went again in Cap-Haitien St. Ann's Bay First permanent is Santo Domingo (still there) *Port of Discovery Returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496 Portuguese King tries to claim discovery made by Columbus (he asked them first they refused) Papal Line of Demarcation (papal bull- order from the pope)(1493) Pope (Pope Alexander VI) divides the world between Spain and Portugal To keep the two most powerful and wealth R.C. nations from going to war (Mentions no other countries) Portugal and Spain ratify under The Treaty of Tordesillas June 6th 1494 Portugal gets known world Spain gets new or yet to be discovered world May 1498 left Spain for his third voyage 6 ships Landed in Santo Domingo Discovers South America Arrested and returned to Spain 1500 May 1502 4th voyage trip not allowed to land in Santo Domingo Explores - ship wrecked on Jamaica Returns to Spain November 1504 Dies in Spain May 20, 1506 Amerigo Vespucci (1451 - 1512) Sails for Portugal and Spain (named Pilot Major of Spain 150 8) he is from Italy Makes map shows NEW WORLD get nick name Amerigo's Land or in Latin "AMERICA" Martin Waldseemuller woodcut map identifies land as America (1538 Gerardus Mercator Map shows North and South America) Spain in the New World Spanish goals (and Portugals&#039 ;) Conquest, colonization, and conversion In Europe Primogeniture = oldest son inherits all after father's death Second sons are motivated into colonization and conquest Conquistadors - Spanish conquers (soldiers) Fight for - God, King, Money (gold) Spain has been at war for 700 years (Moors) Fall of Granada Priest - convert Heathens to Christ 1511 conquistadors have conquered Puerto Rico 1508 - 1509 By Juan Ponce De Leon Fountain of Youth Jamaica 1510 Cuba 1511 Dominican Republic and Haiti 1511 Still looking for an all water trade route to Asia (Spice Islands) 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers Isthmus of Panama Only 23 miles wide now they believe in a water route (Columbus short trade route) First to see Pacific from the Eastern side claims for Spain 1519 Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese sailor has been to Spice Island Hired by Spain to prove Columbus right or wrong First to cross Pacific (first to circumnavigate the globe) Started with five ships and 270 men, 3 years later (1522) one ship and 18 men get back to Spain. Magellan gets killed in Philippines April 27th 1521 War between tribe he converted to Christianity and neighboring tribe Proves earth is round and true size - found the all water route Spanish Brings the end to Civilizations Aztecs 1 519 - 1521 Hernando Cortes (b.1485 d.1547) Conquistador, conquers two tribes that the Aztecs had already conquered From them he learns of the Aztecs, he organizes them to help him fight Aztecs Cortes also learns that the Aztecs are waiting for the return of their god Quetzalcoatl (The Plumed serpent), he left them into the Caribbean, saying he would return some day Montezuma II welcomes the Spanish with gifts Their houses are pushed by clouds Have conquered other tribes Cortes kidnaps Montezuma, and demands gold from the Aztecs 600 soldiers + 16 horses + 10 brass cannon + dogs (10 ships burned) Holds Aztecs' capital "Tenochtitlan&quo t; and ruler "Montezuma" for 6 months Convert Montezuma and kill him (garrote) when they are attacked Blame the Aztec attackers Aztecs counter-attack under command of Montezuma's brother drive Spanish out of city Spanish get the help of other conquered tribes and attack city for six months to win Incas 1520 - 1535 Fransico Pizarro (b.1475 d.1541) A citizen of Panama and experienced soldier 2 earlier attempts in 1520's (failed attempts, but he learned) First expedition - (80 men, 4 horses) starve Second expedition - capture a raft, 3 natives/translators, silver Third expedition - "Thirteen of glory" (followers turn back all but 12) Inca city of Tumbez (gets king's permission, made Gov./Gen. of Peru) Fourth expedition - (180 men, 37 horses) Tumbez found destroyed, Incas fighting Civil War, smallpox Conquest begins (Huascar in charge of the capital at Cuzco, Atahualpa in charge Inca army) Arrival in Cajamarca - Atahualpa waiting for news of battle Atahualpa captured Atahualpa 9;s ransom Death of Huascar Execution (garrote) 1535 Spain controls most of Inca Empire (West Coast of South America) Spain feels Pacific Ocean is their possession Spanish Borderlands - Spanish attempts to invade other Indian lands Fla. To California Indians in these areas different than pervious experiences: Not on overall ruling group Tribal not empire Constant warfare 1516 Juan Ponce de Leon - Fla. fountain of youth never found (1521 settlement) 1539 Hernando de Soto - explored up the Mississippi (fever) 1540 Francisco Coronado - 7 cities of gold explore west saw the Grand Canyon (1542 broke) 1527 - Panfilo de Narvaez - looking for riches Fla. Attacks Indians in Fla. Forced to retreat Shipwrecked on the coast of Texas - leaves men goes into gulf in small boat lost Alvar Nunez Cebeza - leads group of survivors in land Estaban - Black mercenary/healer/trans lator Indians capture and make them slaves - believe they have healing powers Finally get back to Spanish settlement in 1536 Report size of area 1300 miles Number of tribes 1539 Juan Cabrillo Explores West Coast of America Laws = Laws of the Indies Spanish society Pyramid Viceroy - rules in King's name. New Spain and Peru both have one Peninsulares - highest class born in Spain set to rule Creoles - Born in Americas to Spanish parents Mestizos - Mixed parents Indian and Spanish Indians - lowest class, considered conquered people Three types of settlements: (each addresses one of Spain's goals) Pueblos - towns center of farming area some protection (colonization) Presidi os - Military center, fort usually at river junctions (conquest) Missions - for religious conversion (conversion) Encomiend as - Spanish allowed to demand taxes or labor from all people Indians made slaves Columbus order native fill bells with gold If they can't pay that way they must provide labor *Mines and Plantations are the labor demands put on Indians Indians die quickly living in this situation Priest - Fr. Bartolome de Las Casas writes King and asks for reforms To stop Indian abuse Leads to importation of African slaves Sees the change and argues against African slaves Dies before his request for changes can be made Originally a Conquistador then become priest 1539 First book printed in Mexico (not really a colony they can do anything Europe can) 1551 University of Mexico opens 1565 St. Augustine - presidio first permanent city in North America Spanish found the French (Protestant) trying to build a fort/trade post Massacre them, then built a fort to keep them from trying it again Interested in it once they may try again Put fort there to stop it from happening Refuel and patrol fort Spanish changes to the world (1492 - 1560) Gold exported from New World 5x all in Europe before 1560 500x what Spain had before 1492 Permanent Settlement in New World Native Americans options To be killed or enslaved Dislocation or conversion Fight back 1/25 survive European diseases Europe Competes with Spain 1497 England 1497 Giovanni Caboto Italian sailing for England English King Henry VII calls him John Cabot (and brother Sebastian) Finds Newfoundland Declares fishing waters off "new found land" or Newfoundland for England Ship The Matthew 20 men 2nd trip 5 ships 200 men lost at sea (restart) 1500 - 1501 Portugal - Pedro Alvares Cabral finds Brazil (accident) 1524 Verranzano and Cartier - explores for France France explores and declares for themselves Carolinas to Canada Find St. Lawrence River Gone by 1535 (restart 1603) 1566 England Sir Humphrey Gilbert Harbor Colony of St. John 1609 Henry Hudson - explores for the Dutch Dutch East India Company on this trip, Hudson found what is called the Hudson River European Rivalries Old arguments from Europe come to the New World (countries not listed on the Papal Decree) Religious and Political differences 1517 Catholics vs. Protestants Protestant Reformation - Martin Luther France and Spain remains Catholic England, Germany and Holland Protestant Fight for religious and trade purposes Queen Elizabeth of England encourages the English to raid Spanish trade/ships Dutch and English also compete for trade in the New World New France 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas gives France no share of the New World French crown ignored the arrangement Francis I underwrote Verrazzano's exploratory voyage (1524) Cartier and Roberval on the St. Lawrence (1534-1543) 1603 - 1605 Samuel de Champlain (7 total voyages) Founds Port Royal Nova Scotia France actively encouraged the settlement of Quebec, Newfoundland and the Maritimes All settlers must be Roman Catholic church of France Declares St. Lawrence for France Founds Quebec (160 8) puts a fort where the St. Lawrence narrows Fishing and Fur trade French trap trade live and marry Indians French settlers called "coureurs de bois" = runners of the woods French send missionaries to convert the Indians (map large areas) Champlain maps St. Lawrence discovers Great Lakes with Indian help Excellent map maker, soldier, leader, businessman 1673 Fr. Marquette + Louis Joliet Maps Mississippi for over 700 miles before turning back 1682 Robert de La Salle Maps all the Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico claims all for France Names Louisiana after King Louis XIV Include any land and river system that flows into the Mississippi New France Government King appointed council and Governor Rules in the name of the king (rules harsh in town better to live in woods) King wants to calm colony down sends 1000 farmers with land rights to colony in 1660 Also send several hundred single women to colony 1671 Wants people to farm along St. Lawrence (only works somewhat) New France has less dense population, and better Indian relations New Netherlands (Holland, Dutch) 1581 declare independence from Spain (reformation) 1609 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson River (New York - Albany) Englishmen exploring for the Netherlands (maps) Ship Half Moon 1611 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay for English ship Hopewell Muscovy (Russia) Company - his family owns shares Father was a member of Cabot's crew Northwest Passage - pass over Pole (no ice because of sun) 1611 lost at sea crew mutinied - exploring for England 1621 Dutch West India Company (United Dutch East India Company Maps) Given charter to open trade and colonize New World Under charter they also commission Privateers (to disrupt Spanish trade and shipping) Letter of Marque (or Letter of Reprisal) Letters of --, Authority formerly given to private persons to fit out an armed ship For use in Attack Capture Plun der of enemy merchant ships in time of war Letters used by governments to augment National Navy 1626 Peter Minuit first governor (director-general) Buys Manhattan Island from Indians for 60 "guilders" worth 24 English pounds Names new colony (Fort on Manhattan) New Amsterdam (New York City) Fort Orange also builds a trading outpost (Albany New York) Control Hudson River valley New Netherlands becomes major trading port They allow any nation or religion into their colony No need to control trade route Will carry goods for any nation Encourage other nations to use port and trade 3rd Governor William Kieft (the Butcher) 1597 - 1647 1638 Governor of New Amsterdam Unhappy with condition imposes military law and Indian tax Fur trade is declining from over hunting Dutch being to farm and take land from Indians This leads to some bad blood Makes military improvements to expand control and territory Uses Indian allies to influence other Indian tribes (Mohawks) Wipes out Wappinger Indians "Slaughter of The Innocents" 80 heads soccer balls 30 tortured publicly All Indian tribes declare war 6th Governor Peter Stuyvesant 1640 Must win war started by Kieft Puts wall by harbor to protect it (Wall St.) 1637 - 1655 Dutch capture New Sweden (Delaware) Founded by Peter Minuit Fired by Dutch because of Patroon System Dutch become rivals of the French in the fur trade Dutch ally with Iroquois French ally with Algonquin Indians begin to fight for European allies Government Governor, or "Director General" Governor and a council of five appointed by the company in Holland Patroon System - Least fifty settlers fifteen years of age or over Patroon was granted an estate of sixteen miles river frontage One side of a river or bay Or eight miles on each side of a river As far inland "as the situation of the occupiers will admit." 1664 England takes over New Amsterdam Changes name to New York after king's brother James, The Duke of York and Albany
johnpend : volpert what was that
kennfitzy : that was stupid
kennfitzy : im ashamed
harrwhit : thanks for the notes
MinwKwak : ya thanks
jammy1412 : heyy!!!!!!!!
jamemcco : what did he do the notes for
jdegan : ssssssssuuuuuuuuuppppp pppppp
jdegan : England King John of England 1215 forced by his nobles to sign the "Magna Carta" - The Great Charter Beginning of a - constitutional monarchy Limit power of King Tax and war must be approved Habius Corpus Right to trial, where, when, friends Due process Rights and property 1628 Petition of Right Charles I forced to sign by Parliament Parliament would approve 5 new taxes if the king agreed to it No man could be forced to pay a tax not passed by Parliament No free man could be imprisoned without charge (Habius Corpus) No soldiers or sailors could be billeted on the population without their consent No civilian could be subject to martial law St. Brendan "navigator" Vikings Bristol Mariners William Ayers John Cabot Henry the VII unifies England under one crown (War of the Roses) Henry VIII b. 1509 power 1527 - 1547 "Defender of the Faith" Pope will not approve divorce declares Church of England Takes all church lands Leads to religious splintering Three offspring Edward, Mary, Elizabeth all future rulers of England Edward VI king age 9 - 16 (Mary Queen of Scotts cousin, mother of James VI) Mary I Queen 1553 - 1558 (Bloody Mary married King Phillip II of Spain) Elizabeth I comes to power 1558 - 1603 Elizabeth disestablished Roman Catholicism Angers Spain by rejecting Philip's proposals of marriage Encouraged and overlooked unofficial trade with Spanish colonies Rewarded attacks on Spanish shipping Sea Dogs - Privateers 1576 Sir Humphrey Gilbert writes "A Discourse to prove a Passage by the Northwest to Cathia" (China) Cost of Privateering (Ports of Exploration) Sir Humphrey Gilbert mom marries the father of Sir Walter Raleigh Sir Gilbert fought for the King of England in a war against Ireland (and Spain) Land grant as reward Must subdue foreign people (total war) 1578 Sir Humphrey Gilbert was granted a patent to establish a colony in America August 5, 1583 Gilbert claimed Newfoundland a colony of England The Harbor Colony of St. John Lost at sea "Never closer to God then when in danger" 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh (knighted in 1584) ½ brother of Sir Gilbert (inherits land grant after brother lost at sea) Forms a company to found another colony Roanoke farther south, better weather and farming Calls land Virginia after Virgin Queen First attempt is a failure The colonist are unprepared and give up colony starve for almost 1 year 1587 Second attempt is the lost colony of Roanoke 3 ships 117 people Better prepared First English child born in New World Virginia Dare Governor leaves to return to England to ask for more supplies and help England getting ready to fight Spanish Armada Cannot return for more than a year 1590 No one left when he returns Raleigh is given credit for introducing tobacco and potato to England - gets wealthy He let queen think he is in love with her - to get rewards and royal favors Raleigh marries a lady in waiting, in secret Angers Queen Elizabeth I - She has him arrested for treason Crime against the crown Not protecting settlers enough Sentence never carried out by queen James I comes to power and has him beheaded for treason James is Catholic and has all Protestant prisoners killed (October 29, 161 8) James is Scottish King James VI (1603) 1540 - 1596 Sir Francis Drake (English navigator and explorer, pirate) Born between 1540 and 1543 in Devonshire Grandparent s held a lease on about 180 acres of farmland Edmund Drake, who became Francis Drake's father Preacher to sailors Twelve sons; Francis was the eldest Victim of some sort of religious persecution Moved to Kent, nearer the sea, where they lived in the hulk of an old ship First went to sea as a young boy apprenticed to the elderly master of a small coastal freighter Old captain, having no family of his own, willed the ship to Drake John Hawkins' first voyage to the Caribbean with African slaves (1562-1563) profitable Age 20 Drake sailed with his cousin Hawkins used his ship Guinea on the west coast of Africa to obtain slaves Port of Vera Cruz in Mexico, the Spaniards attacked Hawkins' fleet of ships Two ships get away, Drake stranded 1567 - 1569 Drake learns to sail small craft and best harbors in the Caribbean Sea Dogs is how he begins to refer to his crew Crew includes run away slaves, outlaws and other privateers 1572 Made privateer Two ships orders to attack and disrupt/capture Spanish trade Sailed to Panama and captured town and maps 34 tons of silver ingots Sees the Pacific Ocean for the first time Also attacks: Santo Domingo, Nombre de Dios, Portobelo, Cadiz 1573 Queen Elizabeth I makes peace with Spain Sends Drake to Ireland to put down rebellion Tells Spanish king she can not find him Drake is called "El Draque" = "The Dragon" by Spanish 1577 orders from the queen to attack New Spain from the Pacific side (The Pelican) Challenge the Spanish monopoly Queen sends along a friend to keep track of all treasure = Thomas Doughty He tries to order Drake back to England Tries to lead mutiny but fails Drake must repair his ship Puts Thomas Doughty on trial for mutiny Has him beheaded and changes ship's name to The Golden Hind "Pelican&quo t; looks and name changed Attacks both shipping and ports Real treasure is good Spanish maps and information Nuestra Senora de la Conception known as the "Cacafuego"= fireball Most powerful ship ever built Drake attacks and beats the ship Takes crew four days of work to unload the ship 80 cases of gold 20 tons of silver 13 cases of coins 20 cases pearls and precious stones 26th Sept. 1580 Drake returns to England (circumnavigate) King Phillip of Spain demands Drake's head for crimes against citizens of Spain Queen Elizabeth Knights him on the deck of the Golden Hind 1581 Elected Mayor of Plymouth Later serves in Parliament 1584 - 1585 1587 War with Spain is definite Queen sends Drake and three ships to attack Spanish and delay their attack on England 1588 Spanish Armada = 130 ships attacks, Drake is Vice Admiral English fleet 20 ships Up to 170 little ships protect coast Drake has also spent more than a year redesigning and updating the English navy Drake and the English Navy and weather destroy the Spanish Armada 1595 Queen sends Drake and Hawkins to raid Caribbean After Armada is defeated the Spanish put effort into land defenses Because they no longer control the seas 1596 Sir Francis Drake was stricken by a tropical disease - "the bloody flux" (yellow fever) January 28, 1596 on board his flagship Defiance Captured 4 ships eats dinner and sickens Buried at sea Crew burn two of the ships in his honor Buried at sea off Puerto Bello, Panama, in a lead coffin *England becomes a major sea power because of Drake Queen Elizabeth was encouraging other young English seamen to become privateers "Good Queen Bess" died in 1603 leaving no heirs Crown of England went to James VI of Scotland Distant cousin, who became James I of England James I was the son of Mary Queen of Scots (1542 - 1587) Mary was the wife of the King of France (1557 - 1560) When he died she returned to Scotland Catholics in England tried several times to get her to replace Queen Elizabeth Elizabeth had her beheaded after several failed attempts The Muster Law of 1572 Passed to protect England against Armada (158 8) All towns must have armed militia English Colonies come in two types Proprietary give to someone as a gift by the king or as payment for something. Chartered are Joint Stock companies, investors in a business set up for profit The differences in the two lead to very different colonies English Colonial Success John Cabot lost at sea Henry Hudson 1582 Harbor Colony of St. John 1587 Roanoke #1(starve and give up) and #2 (disappear) 1606 Coast of Maine fails because of weather King James I gives a "charter" to The Virginia Company of London (1607) Virginia Jamestown - named after King James I 1607 105 settlers leave England to start Jamestown John Smith "He who does not work, will not eat." 1612 John Rolfe discovers that tobacco grows well in Virginia soil Need more land and more labor 1619 Dutch Slave ship arrives First slavery in the south used to help grow tobacco indentured servants could be free one day vote testify in court own property - some did while still servants Could marry and their kids were free 1619 Virginia Company sends Governor Ordered to consult with colonist on matters The 13 man council changes into the HOUSE OF BURGESSES Burgess = representative This is the First representative government in American Colonies 1619 Virginia Company sends more than 100 single women to colony for marriage 150 pounds of tobacco paid to Virginian Company if you marry one Hoped to calm colony down and make it more English 1622 By a general rising of the Indians known as "The Massacre" (347-d) Powhattan Indian Attack Virginia Company bankrupt 1624 - King of England not happy with how company running colony takes away charter King now owns all lands to include Maryland Puts colony under direct royal control (appointed Governor) Must work with Burgesses to get paid Benign Neglect - things can happen in Colonies that can't in England 1620 Plymouth Plantation Colony Pilgrims (Separatists) Want king of England to separate job not both head of church and head of country Persecuted in England Jailed Fined Similar to Martin Luther and Protestant Reformation Pope head of church not armies Separatist leave England go to Holland Jobs stink Treated like foreigners Kids being brought up like Dutch kids Holland going to war with Spain about independence 1617 begin to look for new place to settle Ask Dutch West India Company - must live in NYC Ask Virginia Company of London - must settle on Chesapeake Bay Form their own Company the Plymouth Bay Company Must be a member of church to be a member of Co. Move charter with them onto The Mayflower Had boat called Speedwell Mayflower Compact Agreement to self rule first in New World Samoset, Massasoit, Squanto 1625 James I dies his son Charles I becomes King 1628 Petition of Right Charles I forced to sign by Parliament Parliament would approve 5 new taxes if the king agreed to it No man could be forced to pay a tax not passed by Parliament No free man could be imprisoned without charge (Habius Corpus) No soldiers or sailors could be billeted on the population without their consent No civilian could be subject to martial law 1628 Massachusetts Bay Company (Colony) - John Winthrop (Puritans) only stockholders vote - only church members can own stock Charter says "rights of Englishmen" Rule of Law General Court and Governor is government (4x a year) Advanced Party sent (120) roads/lots/wells/field s/lumber, colony layout Great Migration over 20,000 colonist come to new colony biggest in New World Charles 1st of England makes religions belief illegal Puritan Work Ethic - only way to heaven is through hard work God shows his favor by success disfavor by failure or disaster 1/40 colonist are college grads highest average in the world 1639 first printing press working in English Colonies 1670 population has tripled 1684 High Court in England declare Massachusetts Charter Illegal This colony and any colony that comes from it are illegal 1636 Connecticut - Thomas Hooker Leaves Massachusetts - Government has too much power Wealthy followers Know where they are going (Connecticut River) Move outside of control of recognized government Make their own rules The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut All men who own property can vote Limit governor and government's power 1662 King of England gives charter 1636 Rhode Island - Roger Williams Preacher in Massachusetts Bay Colony Three complaints about Massachusetts Church has too much power Church and state should be separate Governments job is to maintain order and peace Put on trial before General Court (crimes against colony), runs away lives with Indians Buys Rhode Island from Indians two big changes Passes religious toleration All white men can vote Anne Hutchingson (mid wife also 14 kids of her own) Has pray meetings after religious services, give opinions on sermons Women have no right to interpret Gods Word She is convicted of "being deluded by the Devil" Goes to Rhode Island good example of Women's rights and Religious Freedom 1638 New Hampshire John Wheelwright Banished from Boston Writes "Exeter Compact" very similar to Mayflower agreement to self rule Joins together already existing towns New England colonies = religious reasons, hard work (No Birthright) (self made Man) Inlets, harbors, lakes, fast water, mountains, good soil small fields rocky, Indians, French Canada 1642 English Parliament rebels against King Charles I 1649 - 1658 Oliver Cromwell leads England as Lord Protector 1660-1685 England restores Monarchy King Charles II Monarchy in question Restoration Colonies King gives friends proprietorships (6 colonies) New York 1664 (captured) New Jersey 1664 (gift) Pennsylvania 1681 (Delaware) Carolina 1663 (North and South) Middle Colonies New Netherlands Land grants - Patroons Religious freedom Trade with all countries = rivals (mercantilism) 1664 Ne w York Named after Duke of York Rhode Island to Delaware River New Jersey Duke of York gift Lord Berkeley Lord Carteret 1702 Royal Colony Freedom of Conscience 1665 Pennsylvania Will iam Penn Quaker no fight, all men equal Holy experiment Invite all religions Mennonites in 1710 (Pennsylvania Dutch) Business Delawa re New Sweden 1664 England Lower 3 counties of Pa 1701 independent Southern Colonies Maryland Roma n Catholic land grant 1632 Sir George Calvert 1st Religious Toleration Law Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 - tolerance for Christian churches The Carolinas 8 proprietors (owners/investors) Act as legislatures and judges Popularly elected Assembly Can Veto proprietors Church of England is official religion Can live in Carolina as long as you believe in God Buffer zone between English and Spanish colonies Poor farmers can't afford land in Virginia Colonies split in 1712 Georgia James Oglethorpe + 20 others New buffer zone English people released from debtors prison Social Welfare/Charity English Colonial Social Structure Royal appointed and Proprietary Families Large land owners Middle class, trades, small farms Indentured servants Slaves Econom y of Colonies Cottage industries Trades Farm s Trade Education New England Most concerned (must read to know God) First public school Harvard and Yale Middle Private schools Apprenticeship Southe rn Hire tutors Send kids to England for schooling Roads to Revolution 1607 - 1775 What happened? Trouble on the frontier, or colonies? Colonies begin to be much different than Mother Lands Used as prizes of war Results of wars are determined in Europe Goals in fighting are different Need for protection changes Indian Relations (Muster Law) Help settlers Settlers take land Indians respond Different tribes are used as allies against other tribes 1607 Jamestown - 1622 "The Massacre" 1634 The Pequot War (tribe) War with the Dutch - control Connecticut River * English Captain John Stone Pirate New Amsterdam (steal ship) Plymouth (threaten Gov. with knife) Massachusetts (drunkenness and adultery) Captures Indians to sell into slavery (Niatics kill him on board ship) English demand treaty, with Pequot, for Stone's death Pequot agree to: Surrender all guilty Indians Pay indemnity Give control of land (no other European Nation) Trade only with English Good for 2 years then Pequot say: Guilty dead or ran away Only pay part of penalty English can't prove last two 1636 Conference at Ft. Saybrook (renegotiate) *English Captain John Oldham killed by Narragansett Narragans ett send 200 warriors to punish guilty English send Captain John Endecott: Attack and punish Kill all men Capture stores Capture all women and children for slaves Narragansett tribe had moved Cpt. Endecott returns to Saybrook and attacks Pequot Other Pequot attack English everywhere (Indian advantage for 6-8 months) 1637 Massachusetts unites rival tribes against Pequot Narragansett, Niatics, Mohegan Captain John Mason attacks Mystic Connecticut killing 600 -700 Pequot 1638 Pequot sign The Treaty of Hartford: Pequot prisoners slaves to allied tribes Surrender all territory to English Word Pequot not allowed to be used King Philip's War Pilgrims - 1620 Governor William Bradford d. 1657 Wampanoag Sachem Massasoit d. 1660 Wamsutta - Alexander Metacomet - Philip 1660 Wamsutta becomes chief kills livestock to keep Pilgrims from expanding 1662 Arrested taken to General Court and questioned about Indian rebellion cleared of charges, offered dinner to celebrate, poisoned during dinner dies on the way home 1662 Philip becomes chief does not trust English organizes Narragansett and Nipmuck not to sell land to English raises land prices, continues to kill livestock Pilgrims invite to dinner, force him to sign agreement to disarm his tribe Philip turns in 4 muskets does not eat or drink then leaves no other arms 1671 Pilgrims get him to sign that all Wampanoag Indians are "subject" of English Law Massachusetts orders all Militia must carry "flintlock" instead of "matchlock" 1675 all colonies make change (25 years before Europe) Praying Indians Converted to Christianity Live like English Live in villages called Praying towns Neither English or Indian like them both use as spies John Sassamon praying Indian Harvard grad found dead in frozen pond English arrest and tried three Indians Two Philip advisors and one witness All three hung Indians on jury could not vote (unfair) 1675 English farmer kills Indian over a cow Indian was returning the cow Philip asks General Court for a trial, court says NO Philip kills farmer his father and son and 5 neighbors who try to help Start of the war June 1675 Swanzey, Dartmouth, Middliborough, Taunton, Brookfield, Hadley, Northfield and Deerfield attacked Battle of Bloody Brook September 11, 1675 English harvest wheat crop to avoid hunger Harvest under the guard of best militia in New England Captain Thomas Lathrop, 90 men 18 wagons of wheat 700 Nipmuck Indians attack 8 survive attack no wheat or wagons English learn 1. Indians can fight 2. Not just fighting Wampanoag 3. Militia not good Spring 1676 Indians control within 8 miles of Boston attack within four miles Summer Philip's wife and son are captured Indian tells English where they are June 12, 1676 Mohawks attack Wampanoag tribes Preemptive strike on Narragansett Indians English destroy camp and food supply Dec 19, 1676 Great Swamp Battle 10 days late Philip caught shot in the back English behead draw and quarter the body (23 yrs.) Indian factors in lose food, No one commander, can't unite all tribes English factors United Colonies, weapons, allied tribes 90% of all towns damaged, 13 wiped out, 1/3 battle aged Edward Randolph - "Reduce Massachusetts to obedience" Coloni es not following English Law 1691 Massachusetts made royal colony King appoints governor Lose right to vote for Governor Can still vote for reps No need to be church member Duke of York tries to combine all New England colonies into Super Colony English Civil War changes everything back 1676 Virginia Bacon's Rebellion Governor Sir William Berkeley King appointed Governor Nathaniel Bacon Jr. Related to governor make gift of: Land grant Seat in the House of Burgesses Virginia is now competing with Maryland and Carolinas for tobacco prices Old colonist trades with Indians for fur make a lot of money New colonist must claim new land, compete with Indians Doeg Indians kill a frontier farmer His neighbors attack Susquehanaugs Indians in revenge Gov. Berkeley - investigate - friendly and loyal Indians not to be attacked Bacon arrest chiefs to investigate - "friendly" H ouse of Burgesses calls "Long Assembly" They declare war on unfriendly Indians Bacon elected General of volunteer force Attack Pamukey Berkeley orders arrest of all involved but offers pardons to those who go home, except Bacon Bacon escapes and attacks Occaneecheee Indians steals pelts to support his army June 1676 Bacon captured Gov Berkeley wants returned to England House of Burgesses refuses, says he must apologize publicly Bacon supporter surround House and threaten all but Bacon Bacon declares himself in charge Berkeley retires and returns to his house Bacon takes over and publishes "Declaration of the People" Old governor is corrupt Old government is no good All settlers must swear allegiance to Bacon Berkeley's men use fleet and retake Jamestown while Bacon is out of town Bacon kidnaps wives and relatives of Berkeley supporters Lays siege to Jamestown September 19, 1676 Burns town down Dies of Bloody flux and body lice, October 26, 23 followers hung as a result Berkeley recalled to England dies 1677 Old government vs. New colonist Government not working Pequot, Philip's, Bacon's wars and rebellion happen in the colonies only The following wars have roots in Europe or get exported to Europe English Monarchy is a cause of some of the wars: (Elizabeth) James VI of Scotland becomes the James I of England he is Catholic Charles I is his son he believe the king has divine right to rule, does not like parliament English Civil War - Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell + Richard Cromwell Charles II becomes king again pro French James II pro French signs an agreement with France to go to war with Protestant Netherlands Parliament asks William of Orange to come to England and keep King from signing William become William III and Mary King William's War 1689 - 1697 Under his leadership England goes from Pro French to anti-French New France and Abanaki Indians VS. English and some Iroquois King of France sends Louis de Buade, Count de Frontenac to lead New France New warfare La Petite Guerre = Little war English hear guerrilla 3 parts Ambush, murder, terror Schenectady NY Port Royal War is raid counter raid = atrocities Benjamin Church - Praying Indians Total Warfare Quick win Indians that surrender will be treated well (slaves) Treaty of Ryswick Peace in Europe Status quo Ante Belle (Indian raids continue) 1702 Queen Anne's War daughter of James II sister of Queen Mary King of Spain getting old name Frenchmen as heir France and Spain against England, Holland, and Austria (The Grand Alliance) In Europe called the War of Spanish Succession South Carolina attacks St. Augustine Florida (burn town) Spanish pay Appalachee Indians to raid English settlements (S.C. - Pa.) 1704 English Militia (Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina) and Chickasaw Indians Attack Western Florida toward Mississippi French in Louisiana hire Choctaw (South) and Abanaki (North) attack British colonies Benjamin Church counter attacks Abanaki Hudson Bay Company and South Sea Company are formed after British victories Assiento - agreement signed by King of Spain giving English right to trade in Spanish ports Abanaki swear allegiance to King of England, attacks continue French colonist who refuse to swear allegiance in North are removed = Cajuns Black Beard, Edward Teach privateer hired by Queen Anne Famous pirate sails the "Queen Anne's Revenge" Queen Anne pregnant 18 times no children survive past age 1 Her cousin The Electorate of Hanover (German) King George I 1709 Tuscarora (sixth tribe of the Iroquois) and Yemasee War Both happen during Queen Anne's war but no European influence N.C. trades with Tuscarora - captures and sell some into slavery Tuscarora ask Pa. and receive permission to move there N.C. says no and sends guards to watch 1710 Baron Cristoph von Graffenried (swiss) found new town - New Bern Bribes government official for approval - told to remove Indians and take land (appropriate) Sept 1711 Tuscarora attack New Bern kill 200 settlers (80 kids) Baron is captured He negotiates price and peace William Brice (New Bern settler) lost wife and daughter Capture chief of Coree Indians roasts him alive for revenge WAR N.C. and S.C. unite militia and 1000 allied Indians Destroy Tuscarora sell over 400 into slavery to help pay for war 1715 Tuscarora sign peace treaty, remaining tribe moves North become 6th tribe of Iroquois Yamasee Indians begin fighting S.C. for same reasons. S.C. pay Cherokee to hunt down Yamasee - tribe hunted to extinction French win over the support of some of the Iroquois League 1739 King George's War (War of Jenkin's Ear) The War of Austrian Succession Queen Anne and King of Spain sign "Assiento" E ngland violates this instantly Spanish coast guard stops Eng Captain Robert Jenkin - cuts off his ear English Parliament declares war mostly just navel warfare Spanish governor of Fla. Offers freedom to English slaves Stono Rebellion - James Oglethorpe stops rebellion New France vs. New England Colonies French recapture Port Royal New England Colonies siege Fort Louisburg Nova Scotia Louisburg protects entrance to St. Lawrence River French Fishing Fleet 20 million Francs French feel fort will never fall June 1745 Fort Louisburg falls to English (monopoly on fishing waters) Many frontier raids none of them are decisive 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle end all hostilities Treaty declares "Status Quo Ante Bellum" Fort goes back to French Colonist feel Europe does not care * Motivation for warfare: Religious protect god, root out evil Financial gain control of resources Territorial gain land, or prevent others attack Patriotic for the good of our nation or ruler
jamemcco : Thanks Eric
pinkpiggy111 : Belize isnt right!
Amandur : How on earth do you get 0.9 seconds on scatter? Oh My Goodness!
sarahb99 : I Know!! Holy Cow!!
Amandur : OMZ!
sarahb99 : what r all the " :) 's" for??
Amandur : XDXDDXDDXDXXDXDXDDXDXD ............. idk :)
Amandur : ffa... future farmer
sarahb99 : WUWILGT, Amandur!
sarahb99 : Wow...
Amandur : Blahhh... Someone needs to get on Quizlet!!!! Ugggh
sarahb99 : like when?? :)
Amandur : Like when I am!!! :) Lol
sarahb99 : lol.. :)
Amandur : hahaha
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Amandur : Hey................... ............. :)
sarahb99 : Hey... :)
Amandur : L to the O to the L
sarahb99 : Y to the E to the S
Amandur : ............
sarahb99 : .............
Amandur : AAAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHH!
sarahb99 : WWHHHHAAAAAAATTTTTTTTT ???
Amandur : IIIIIIIIIIIDDDDDDDDDDK KKKKKKK
sarahb99 : hi...
waterman13 : oh yea
Amandur : yeah
sarahb99 : whaaattt?
waterman13 : i'm confused
Amandur : idk
waterman13 : are you talking to me?
waterman13 : i'm space race champion
Amandur : nah
sarahb99 : ...
Amandur : mjlkjklmijmklmllmmml kjgyfvyhgvftyfdccfgvy
sarahb99 : Amandur... r u ok??
sarahb99 : ....
waterman13 : oh yea
sarahb99 : ..........
waterman13 : how do you get 0.9 seconds for scatter game?
Amandur : computer hacker...
sarahb99 : lol :)
waterman13 : haha :)
sarahb99 : "computer hacker"... wow Amandur ;)
Amandur : I'm SERIOUS!!!!!!!! There is NO POSSIBLE WAY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!
Amandur : ^ That space in between my exclamation points is not supposed to be there!
sarahb99 : lol :)
waterman13 : I agree with Amandur.
sarahb99 : She's right.... no possible way...
Amandur : hahaha arent I always right? LOL
sarahb99 : ummm...... no comment..jk ;)
Amandur : Haha funny.
sarahb99 : hehe... ik :)
waterman13 : haha :)
Amandur : Zjjhhhfdrdyfyfugfrhftf rdthhgfhytfiyfkutfytdt fkutftyfjytfytjfytjfty
Amandur : Kufty
sarahb99 : what?
sarahb99 : idk...
waterman13 : agreed
sarahb99 : lol :)
Amandur : ¡¡¡¡¡Como las papa fritas!!!!
waterman13 : English please
sarahb99 : Yes, please!
waterman13 : thank you
Amandur : Go eat French fries!
waterman13 : why?
waterman13 : French fries are really good.
Amandur : Terra, terrae, terrae, terram, terra, terrae, terrarum, terris, terras, terris
sarahb99 : showing off ur Latin skills Amandur?? ;)
Amandur : Ummmm duhh(: lol

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Flashcards: Countries and Capitals in Central America

Mexico
Mexico City
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MexicoMexico City
El SalvadorSan Salvador
GuatemalaGuatemala City
PanamaPanama City
HondurasTegucigalpa
NicaraguaManagua
BelizeBelmopan
Costa RicaSan José

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100% correct by missy9983