Countries and Capitals in Central America flash cards

ericvolp12 : First Contact (new and old worlds) 578 St. Brendan The Navigator (b.484 d.577 or 583) Irish monk – go on journey for the lord to spread the Word of God Used currach boat – skin covered wood framed light boat some had sails Set up missions along his route picked up locals to show him next community On Irish maps references made to the Isle of St. Brendan Made it to Iceland + Greenland, maybe North America (U.S.) No lasting impact maps show St. Brendan's Isle floating in sea 1001 Vikings Leif Eriksson "Lucky Leif" (b.970 d.1020) Son of Eric the Red – founder of Greenland Kicks son out for murdering a man "wergild" man price Takes his clan and settles in Vinland – his brother visits in 1004 Saga or Viking stories tell tales of Leif and having to fight Skraelings (Indians) Returns to Greenland No lasting impact on U.S. (there are maps) 1421 Chinese discover and circumnavigate (Zheng He) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships • 3 August 1492, first voyage landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian and returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Three poor ships, crews released from prison. • 1493, second voyage 17 ships 1500 men landed on Marie-Galante, then went again in Cap-Haitien, St. Ann's Bay, and returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496. • 1498, third voyage. 5 ships landed in Santo Domingo, and returned home again to Cadiz, Spain in 1500. • 1502, fourth and final voyage. landed on the Bay Islands off of Central America, Portobello, and then returned home to Sanlucar, Spain, for the final time • He later died in 1506 Columbus gets the credit why? CULTURAL EXCHANGE – Goods and Ideas Examples are: food, medicine, government, technology, arts, language Columbus/Europe brings Gunpowder Guns Domesticated animals Chickens Goats Horses Cows Metals Diseases Native American give Foods Corn Potatoes Beans Tomatoes Squash Peanuts Hunting skills Lacrosse Methods of War Political structure Ideas (League of the Iroquois) Diseases Europe Arrives in America Why - what leads to it? What Changed in Europe for Columbus to get all the credit? Europe coming out of Dark Ages (fall of Roman Empire) 470 A.D. Augustulas Romulus defeated by Germanic General Odacer No central control, power to local leaders/warlords Holy Roman Emperor (962 – 1806 German Kings) Middle Ages 500 – 1350 (632 prophet Mohammad dies) Knowledge in Europe actually shrinks (church says earth is flat, in control of Europe) Holy Roman Empire 962 – 1806 Unity of all Christian in a single state Hierarchical Political Organization - one head over all states Black Plague There have been three great pandemics of bubonic plague in history: There are three related diseases that make up the Black Death Bubonic Pneumonic Septicaemic plague Almost half of Europe's population died within three years. Feudal Structure: The feudal system provided local self-defense in the absence of strong rulers with large armies Feudalism form of government Nobles owe loyalty to king King rewards nobles with land (manors) or keeps (forts) Nobles collect taxes or tributes from peasants Peasants/serfs are bound to the land *People not educated *Church controlled all education and calendar *People do not move from land they are born on Manorialism Economic system of farming in England Originated from Roman estates (latifundia) Serfs controlled/worked the land property was shared lords/nobles headed manors lords/nobles protected people Primogeniture Oldest son inherits all land and money and power Problem of who would inherit land (Monarchs/Nobles) How to keep things together after the death of the head of the family Monarchy maintained itself by keeping power within the family without fighting Cities grew (population) New crops were cultivated NEW Innovative technologies often borrowed from the Muslims came into use Windmill Wheelbarrow helped people work Iron horseshoe Breast-strap increased the usefulness of horses as draught animals Trade Routes National wealth depends on the ability to trade Land trade routes must go through others nations dangerous and expensive 1265 - 1295 Marco Polo (Description of the World) b. 1254 d.1324 Crusades – religious wars to free Holy Land (1096 – 1291) Pope Urban II calls followers "mission" to free the holy land from an enemy "the Muslims" To unify the church under him against a common enemy Armed pilgrimages People from Europe travel to fight in the war (beginning control of trade/trade routes) War helps improve: trade, ships (sailing techniques), weapons, travel, and education Also rediscoveries of old knowledge Renaissance – rebirth of old teachings, and translations from other countries *Renaissance Man – well educated knows a lot about everything Roman and Greek influences 1360 gun powder and cannons Seaborne trade revived, Asian invention Magnetized needle Heavier craft suitable for ocean navigation Naval power = sea trade routes = National Wealth Ability to protect and insure trade route Trade route competition Portugal Spain France England New Reasons for Exploring Technology Mapmaking Earth is round Believe shorter to Asia across the Atlantic Ocean Exploration continued skills increased Navigation instruments Compass Astrolabe Allowed sailors to determine the relative height of stars and planets CHRONOMETER A mechanical device for keeping time independent of ship's motion. 1735 Access to new markets Different types of Economic System Mercantilism economic theory that says the world only has a fixed amount of wealth and that to increase a countries wealth (Economic Warfare) Discover Capture Trade Triangular Trade (keep colonies as trade partners, captive markets) Export raw materials Import finished goods (goods from other countries must pass through) Rebirth of banking Trade goods began to move from region to region (larger movement) New money help/encourage trade and encouraged a social revolution (Middle Class) Usury – charge interest when loaning money Printing Press invented Johannes Gutenberg – 1440 – 1445 prints bibles (Crusader passports) New way to store knowledge Learning leads to better education More and less expensive books (Hand copied by monks before) 1483 – 1546 Martin Luther 1517 Protestant Reformation Roman Catholic Church split into pieces "The just shall live by faith" – Church begins to lose control of education and ability to interpret (Printing Press) Martin Luther Against selling of indulgences Salvation to be through faith and the Bible Did not believe in the supremacy of the Pope Entered a monastery Posted 95 Thesis on church door Refused to withdraw his ideas at the Diet of Worms Published three books outlining his ideas Had a religious experience convincing him salvation was possible through faith alone Translated the Bible from Latin into German (common language) 1534 Enclosure Movement in England Close off the land from peasants larger more efficient fields farming and sheep herds (wool) Creates homeless and crime problems cities populations rise (strolling poor) Old World Colonial Powers Portugal 1394 – 1460 Portugal King's son Prince Henry "the navigator" – opens sailing school Prince Henry's aim - Portuguese sailors should sail around Africa and reach India (Spice) Three main motives behind Prince Henry's ambition: Desire for knowledge Being a devout Christian Spice trade ($) Sails to Africa School acts as a collection point for maps and trade info Trades with Africa and India (makes it around horn of Africa) 1441 Portuguese raid African village and take many as slaves 1486 Bartholomew Diaz Cape of Good Hope (west coast of Africa) 1497 Vasco da Gama sails all the way to India 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral on his way around Africa "goes off course by accident" Lands on Brazil, claims it for Portugal AGE OF DISCOVERY (thanks to Henry's advances) Spain The union of the Spanish kingdoms of Aragón and Castile 1469 by Ferdinand's (Aragon) marriage to his cousin Isabella I (Queen of Castile) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella pay for Christopher Columbus After victory over Moors To sail west to Asia Instead of on Portuguese trade route Columbus says route (trade route, not that world is round) would be shorter 4 trips in all later will be arrested First trip is a gamble on an Italian captain 3 August 1492, left Spain first voyage Landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian Three poor ships crew released from prison 3 ships Santa Maria, Nina, Pinta Arrive October 12, 1492 Columbus keeps two sets of books lies about true distance traveled crew almost mutinies October 1492, marked the beginning of the Spanish conquest of the New World In the name of "Gold, Glory and God" ("Por Rey y Santiago" 1st colony Hispanolia *called La Navidad Returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Destroyed by Indians not long after he left to report findings No survivors November 1493 leaves Spain for second voyage 17 ships 1500 men Landed on Marie-Galante names new city Isabella after queen Went again in Cap-Haitien St. Ann's Bay First permanent is Santo Domingo (still there) *Port of Discovery Returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496 Portuguese King tries to claim discovery made by Columbus (he asked them first they refused) Papal Line of Demarcation (papal bull- order from the pope)(1493) Pope (Pope Alexander VI) divides the world between Spain and Portugal To keep the two most powerful and wealth R.C. nations from going to war (Mentions no other countries) Portugal and Spain ratify under The Treaty of Tordesillas June 6th 1494 Portugal gets known world Spain gets new or yet to be discovered world May 1498 left Spain for his third voyage 6 ships Landed in Santo Domingo Discovers South America Arrested and returned to Spain 1500 May 1502 4th voyage trip not allowed to land in Santo Domingo Explores – ship wrecked on Jamaica Returns to Spain November 1504 Dies in Spain May 20, 1506 Amerigo Vespucci (1451 – 1512) Sails for Portugal and Spain (named Pilot Major of Spain 150 he is from Italy Makes map shows NEW WORLD get nick name Amerigo's Land or in Latin "AMERICA" Martin Waldseemuller woodcut map identifies land as America (1538 Gerardus Mercator Map shows North and South America) Spain in the New World Spanish goals (and Portugals' Conquest, colonization, and conversion In Europe Primogeniture = oldest son inherits all after father's death Second sons are motivated into colonization and conquest Conquistadors – Spanish conquers (soldiers) Fight for – God, King, Money (gold) Spain has been at war for 700 years (Moors) Fall of Granada Priest – convert Heathens to Christ 1511 conquistadors have conquered Puerto Rico 1508 – 1509 By Juan Ponce De Leon Fountain of Youth Jamaica 1510 Cuba 1511 Dominican Republic and Haiti 1511 Still looking for an all water trade route to Asia (Spice Islands) 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers Isthmus of Panama Only 23 miles wide now they believe in a water route (Columbus short trade route) First to see Pacific from the Eastern side claims for Spain 1519 Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese sailor has been to Spice Island Hired by Spain to prove Columbus right or wrong First to cross Pacific (first to circumnavigate the globe) Started with five ships and 270 men, 3 years later (1522) one ship and 18 men get back to Spain. Magellan gets killed in Philippines April 27th 1521 War between tribe he converted to Christianity and neighboring tribe Proves earth is round and true size – found the all water route Spanish Brings the end to Civilizations Aztecs 1519 – 1521 Hernando Cortes (b.1485 d.1547) Conquistador, conquers two tribes that the Aztecs had already conquered From them he learns of the Aztecs, he organizes them to help him fight Aztecs Cortes also learns that the Aztecs are waiting for the return of their god Quetzalcoatl (The Plumed serpent), he left them into the Caribbean, saying he would return some day Montezuma II welcomes the Spanish with gifts Their houses are pushed by clouds Have conquered other tribes Cortes kidnaps Montezuma, and demands gold from the Aztecs 600 soldiers + 16 horses + 10 brass cannon + dogs (10 ships burned) Holds Aztecs' capital "Tenochtitlan" and ruler "Montezuma" for 6 months Convert Montezuma and kill him (garrote) when they are attacked Blame the Aztec attackers Aztecs counter-attack under command of Montezuma's brother drive Spanish out of city Spanish get the help of other conquered tribes and attack city for six months to win Incas 1520 - 1535 Fransico Pizarro (b.1475 d.1541) A citizen of Panama and experienced soldier 2 earlier attempts in 1520's (failed attempts, but he learned) First expedition - (80 men, 4 horses) starve Second expedition - capture a raft, 3 natives/translators, silver Third expedition - "Thirteen of glory" (followers turn back all but 12) Inca city of Tumbez (gets king's permission, made Gov./Gen. of Peru) Fourth expedition - (180 men, 37 horses) Tumbez found destroyed, Incas fighting Civil War, smallpox Conquest begins (Huascar in charge of the capital at Cuzco, Atahualpa in charge Inca army) Arrival in Cajamarca - Atahualpa waiting for news of battle Atahualpa captured Atahualpa's ransom Death of Huascar Execution (garrote) 1535 Spain controls most of Inca Empire (West Coast of South America) Spain feels Pacific Ocean is their possession Spanish Borderlands – Spanish attempts to invade other Indian lands Fla. To California Indians in these areas different than pervious experiences: Not on overall ruling group Tribal not empire Constant warfare 1516 Juan Ponce de Leon – Fla. fountain of youth never found (1521 settlement) 1539 Hernando de Soto - explored up the Mississippi (fever) 1540 Francisco Coronado – 7 cities of gold explore west saw the Grand Canyon (1542 broke) 1527 – Panfilo de Narvaez – looking for riches Fla. Attacks Indians in Fla. Forced to retreat Shipwrecked on the coast of Texas – leaves men goes into gulf in small boat lost Alvar Nunez Cebeza – leads group of survivors in land Estaban - Black mercenary/healer/translator Indians capture and make them slaves – believe they have healing powers Finally get back to Spanish settlement in 1536 Report size of area 1300 miles Number of tribes 1539 Juan Cabrillo Explores West Coast of America Laws = Laws of the Indies Spanish society Pyramid Viceroy – rules in King's name. New Spain and Peru both have one Peninsulares – highest class born in Spain set to rule Creoles – Born in Americas to Spanish parents Mestizos – Mixed parents Indian and Spanish Indians – lowest class, considered conquered people Three types of settlements: (each addresses one of Spain's goals) Pueblos – towns center of farming area some protection (colonization) Presidios – Military center, fort usually at river junctions (conquest) Missions – for religious conversion (conversion) Encomiendas – Spanish allowed to demand taxes or labor from all people Indians made slaves Columbus order native fill bells with gold If they can't pay that way they must provide labor *Mines and Plantations are the labor demands put on Indians Indians die quickly living in this situation Priest – Fr. Bartolome de Las Casas writes King and asks for reforms To stop Indian abuse Leads to importation of African slaves Sees the change and argues against African slaves Dies before his request for changes can be made Originally a Conquistador then become priest 1539 First book printed in Mexico (not really a colony they can do anything Europe can) 1551 University of Mexico opens 1565 St. Augustine - presidio first permanent city in North America Spanish found the French (Protestant) trying to build a fort/trade post Massacre them, then built a fort to keep them from trying it again Interested in it once they may try again Put fort there to stop it from happening Refuel and patrol fort Spanish changes to the world (1492 – 1560) Gold exported from New World 5x all in Europe before 1560 500x what Spain had before 1492 Permanent Settlement in New World Native Americans options To be killed or enslaved Dislocation or conversion Fight back 1/25 survive European diseases Europe Competes with Spain 1497 England 1497 Giovanni Caboto Italian sailing for England English King Henry VII calls him John Cabot (and brother Sebastian) Finds Newfoundland Declares fishing waters off "new found land" or Newfoundland for England Ship The Matthew 20 men 2nd trip 5 ships 200 men lost at sea (restart) 1500 - 1501 Portugal - Pedro Alvares Cabral finds Brazil (accident) 1524 Verranzano and Cartier - explores for France France explores and declares for themselves Carolinas to Canada Find St. Lawrence River Gone by 1535 (restart 1603) 1566 England Sir Humphrey Gilbert Harbor Colony of St. John 1609 Henry Hudson – explores for the Dutch Dutch East India Company on this trip, Hudson found what is called the Hudson River European Rivalries Old arguments from Europe come to the New World (countries not listed on the Papal Decree) Religious and Political differences 1517 Catholics vs. Protestants Protestant Reformation – Martin Luther France and Spain remains Catholic England, Germany and Holland Protestant Fight for religious and trade purposes Queen Elizabeth of England encourages the English to raid Spanish trade/ships Dutch and English also compete for trade in the New World New France 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas gives France no share of the New World French crown ignored the arrangement Francis I underwrote Verrazzano's exploratory voyage (1524) Cartier and Roberval on the St. Lawrence (1534-1543) 1603 – 1605 Samuel de Champlain (7 total voyages) Founds Port Royal Nova Scotia France actively encouraged the settlement of Quebec, Newfoundland and the Maritimes All settlers must be Roman Catholic church of France Declares St. Lawrence for France Founds Quebec (160 puts a fort where the St. Lawrence narrows Fishing and Fur trade French trap trade live and marry Indians French settlers called "coureurs de bois" = runners of the woods French send missionaries to convert the Indians (map large areas) Champlain maps St. Lawrence discovers Great Lakes with Indian help Excellent map maker, soldier, leader, businessman 1673 Fr. Marquette + Louis Joliet Maps Mississippi for over 700 miles before turning back 1682 Robert de La Salle Maps all the Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico claims all for France Names Louisiana after King Louis XIV Include any land and river system that flows into the Mississippi New France Government King appointed council and Governor Rules in the name of the king (rules harsh in town better to live in woods) King wants to calm colony down sends 1000 farmers with land rights to colony in 1660 Also send several hundred single women to colony 1671 Wants people to farm along St. Lawrence (only works somewhat) New France has less dense population, and better Indian relations New Netherlands (Holland, Dutch) 1581 declare independence from Spain (reformation) 1609 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson River (New York – Albany) Englishmen exploring for the Netherlands (maps) Ship Half Moon 1611 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay for English ship Hopewell Muscovy (Russia) Company - his family owns shares Father was a member of Cabot's crew Northwest Passage - pass over Pole (no ice because of sun) 1611 lost at sea crew mutinied – exploring for England 1621 Dutch West India Company (United Dutch East India Company Maps) Given charter to open trade and colonize New World Under charter they also commission Privateers (to disrupt Spanish trade and shipping) Letter of Marque (or Letter of Reprisal) Letters of --, Authority formerly given to private persons to fit out an armed ship For use in Attack Capture Plunder of enemy merchant ships in time of war Letters used by governments to augment National Navy 1626 Peter Minuit first governor (director-general) Buys Manhattan Island from Indians for 60 "guilders" worth 24 English pounds Names new colony (Fort on Manhattan) New Amsterdam (New York City) Fort Orange also builds a trading outpost (Albany New York) Control Hudson River valley New Netherlands becomes major trading port They allow any nation or religion into their colony No need to control trade route Will carry goods for any nation Encourage other nations to use port and trade 3rd Governor William Kieft (the Butcher) 1597 – 1647 1638 Governor of New Amsterdam Unhappy with condition imposes military law and Indian tax Fur trade is declining from over hunting Dutch being to farm and take land from Indians This leads to some bad blood Makes military improvements to expand control and territory Uses Indian allies to influence other Indian tribes (Mohawks) Wipes out Wappinger Indians "Slaughter of The Innocents" 80 heads soccer balls 30 tortured publicly All Indian tribes declare war 6th Governor Peter Stuyvesant 1640 Must win war started by Kieft Puts wall by harbor to protect it (Wall St.) 1637 - 1655 Dutch capture New Sweden (Delaware) Founded by Peter Minuit Fired by Dutch because of Patroon System Dutch become rivals of the French in the fur trade Dutch ally with Iroquois French ally with Algonquin Indians begin to fight for European allies Government Governor, or "Director General" Governor and a council of five appointed by the company in Holland Patroon System - Least fifty settlers fifteen years of age or over Patroon was granted an estate of sixteen miles river frontage One side of a river or bay Or eight miles on each side of a river As far inland "as the situation of the occupiers will admit." 1664 England takes over New Amsterdam Changes name to New York after king's brother James, The Duke of York and Albany First Contact (new and old worlds) 578 St. Brendan The Navigator (b.484 d.577 or 583) Irish monk – go on journey for the lord to spread the Word of God Used currach boat – skin covered wood framed light boat some had sails Set up missions along his route picked up locals to show him next community On Irish maps references made to the Isle of St. Brendan Made it to Iceland + Greenland, maybe North America (U.S.) No lasting impact maps show St. Brendan's Isle floating in sea 1001 Vikings Leif Eriksson "Lucky Leif" (b.970 d.1020) Son of Eric the Red – founder of Greenland Kicks son out for murdering a man "wergild" man price Takes his clan and settles in Vinland – his brother visits in 1004 Saga or Viking stories tell tales of Leif and having to fight Skraelings (Indians) Returns to Greenland No lasting impact on U.S. (there are maps) 1421 Chinese discover and circumnavigate (Zheng He) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships • 3 August 1492, first voyage landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian and returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Three poor ships, crews released from prison. • 1493, second voyage 17 ships 1500 men landed on Marie-Galante, then went again in Cap-Haitien, St. Ann's Bay, and returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496. • 1498, third voyage. 5 ships landed in Santo Domingo, and returned home again to Cadiz, Spain in 1500. • 1502, fourth and final voyage. landed on the Bay Islands off of Central America, Portobello, and then returned home to Sanlucar, Spain, for the final time • He later died in 1506 Columbus gets the credit why? CULTURAL EXCHANGE – Goods and Ideas Examples are: food, medicine, government, technology, arts, language Columbus/Europe brings Gunpowder Guns Domesticated animals Chickens Goats Horses Cows Metals Diseases Native American give Foods Corn Potatoes Beans Tomatoes Squash Peanuts Hunting skills Lacrosse Methods of War Political structure Ideas (League of the Iroquois) Diseases Europe Arrives in America Why - what leads to it? What Changed in Europe for Columbus to get all the credit? Europe coming out of Dark Ages (fall of Roman Empire) 470 A.D. Augustulas Romulus defeated by Germanic General Odacer No central control, power to local leaders/warlords Holy Roman Emperor (962 – 1806 German Kings) Middle Ages 500 – 1350 (632 prophet Mohammad dies) Knowledge in Europe actually shrinks (church says earth is flat, in control of Europe) Holy Roman Empire 962 – 1806 Unity of all Christian in a single state Hierarchical Political Organization - one head over all states Black Plague There have been three great pandemics of bubonic plague in history: There are three related diseases that make up the Black Death Bubonic Pneumonic Septicaemic plague Almost half of Europe's population died within three years. Feudal Structure: The feudal system provided local self-defense in the absence of strong rulers with large armies Feudalism form of government Nobles owe loyalty to king King rewards nobles with land (manors) or keeps (forts) Nobles collect taxes or tributes from peasants Peasants/serfs are bound to the land *People not educated *Church controlled all education and calendar *People do not move from land they are born on Manorialism Economic system of farming in England Originated from Roman estates (latifundia) Serfs controlled/worked the land property was shared lords/nobles headed manors lords/nobles protected people Primogeniture Oldest son inherits all land and money and power Problem of who would inherit land (Monarchs/Nobles) How to keep things together after the death of the head of the family Monarchy maintained itself by keeping power within the family without fighting Cities grew (population) New crops were cultivated NEW Innovative technologies often borrowed from the Muslims came into use Windmill Wheelbarrow helped people work Iron horseshoe Breast-strap increased the usefulness of horses as draught animals Trade Routes National wealth depends on the ability to trade Land trade routes must go through others nations dangerous and expensive 1265 - 1295 Marco Polo (Description of the World) b. 1254 d.1324 Crusades – religious wars to free Holy Land (1096 – 1291) Pope Urban II calls followers "mission" to free the holy land from an enemy "the Muslims" To unify the church under him against a common enemy Armed pilgrimages People from Europe travel to fight in the war (beginning control of trade/trade routes) War helps improve: trade, ships (sailing techniques), weapons, travel, and education Also rediscoveries of old knowledge Renaissance – rebirth of old teachings, and translations from other countries *Renaissance Man – well educated knows a lot about everything Roman and Greek influences 1360 gun powder and cannons Seaborne trade revived, Asian invention Magnetized needle Heavier craft suitable for ocean navigation Naval power = sea trade routes = National Wealth Ability to protect and insure trade route Trade route competition Portugal Spain France England New Reasons for Exploring Technology Mapmaking Earth is round Believe shorter to Asia across the Atlantic Ocean Exploration continued skills increased Navigation instruments Compass Astrolabe Allowed sailors to determine the relative height of stars and planets CHRONOMETER A mechanical device for keeping time independent of ship's motion. 1735 Access to new markets Different types of Economic System Mercantilism economic theory that says the world only has a fixed amount of wealth and that to increase a countries wealth (Economic Warfare) Discover Capture Trade Triangular Trade (keep colonies as trade partners, captive markets) Export raw materials Import finished goods (goods from other countries must pass through) Rebirth of banking Trade goods began to move from region to region (larger movement) New money help/encourage trade and encouraged a social revolution (Middle Class) Usury – charge interest when loaning money Printing Press invented Johannes Gutenberg – 1440 – 1445 prints bibles (Crusader passports) New way to store knowledge Learning leads to better education More and less expensive books (Hand copied by monks before) 1483 – 1546 Martin Luther 1517 Protestant Reformation Roman Catholic Church split into pieces "The just shall live by faith" – Church begins to lose control of education and ability to interpret (Printing Press) Martin Luther Against selling of indulgences Salvation to be through faith and the Bible Did not believe in the supremacy of the Pope Entered a monastery Posted 95 Thesis on church door Refused to withdraw his ideas at the Diet of Worms Published three books outlining his ideas Had a religious experience convincing him salvation was possible through faith alone Translated the Bible from Latin into German (common language) 1534 Enclosure Movement in England Close off the land from peasants larger more efficient fields farming and sheep herds (wool) Creates homeless and crime problems cities populations rise (strolling poor) Old World Colonial Powers Portugal 1394 – 1460 Portugal King's son Prince Henry "the navigator" – opens sailing school Prince Henry's aim - Portuguese sailors should sail around Africa and reach India (Spice) Three main motives behind Prince Henry's ambition: Desire for knowledge Being a devout Christian Spice trade ($) Sails to Africa School acts as a collection point for maps and trade info Trades with Africa and India (makes it around horn of Africa) 1441 Portuguese raid African village and take many as slaves 1486 Bartholomew Diaz Cape of Good Hope (west coast of Africa) 1497 Vasco da Gama sails all the way to India 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral on his way around Africa "goes off course by accident" Lands on Brazil, claims it for Portugal AGE OF DISCOVERY (thanks to Henry's advances) Spain The union of the Spanish kingdoms of Aragón and Castile 1469 by Ferdinand's (Aragon) marriage to his cousin Isabella I (Queen of Castile) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella pay for Christopher Columbus After victory over Moors To sail west to Asia Instead of on Portuguese trade route Columbus says route (trade route, not that world is round) would be shorter 4 trips in all later will be arrested First trip is a gamble on an Italian captain 3 August 1492, left Spain first voyage Landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian Three poor ships crew released from prison 3 ships Santa Maria, Nina, Pinta Arrive October 12, 1492 Columbus keeps two sets of books lies about true distance traveled crew almost mutinies October 1492, marked the beginning of the Spanish conquest of the New World In the name of "Gold, Glory and God" ("Por Rey y Santiago" 1st colony Hispanolia *called La Navidad Returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Destroyed by Indians not long after he left to report findings No survivors November 1493 leaves Spain for second voyage 17 ships 1500 men Landed on Marie-Galante names new city Isabella after queen Went again in Cap-Haitien St. Ann's Bay First permanent is Santo Domingo (still there) *Port of Discovery Returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496 Portuguese King tries to claim discovery made by Columbus (he asked them first they refused) Papal Line of Demarcation (papal bull- order from the pope)(1493) Pope (Pope Alexander VI) divides the world between Spain and Portugal To keep the two most powerful and wealth R.C. nations from going to war (Mentions no other countries) Portugal and Spain ratify under The Treaty of Tordesillas June 6th 1494 Portugal gets known world Spain gets new or yet to be discovered world May 1498 left Spain for his third voyage 6 ships Landed in Santo Domingo Discovers South America Arrested and returned to Spain 1500 May 1502 4th voyage trip not allowed to land in Santo Domingo Explores – ship wrecked on Jamaica Returns to Spain November 1504 Dies in Spain May 20, 1506 Amerigo Vespucci (1451 – 1512) Sails for Portugal and Spain (named Pilot Major of Spain 150 he is from Italy Makes map shows NEW WORLD get nick name Amerigo's Land or in Latin "AMERICA" Martin Waldseemuller woodcut map identifies land as America (1538 Gerardus Mercator Map shows North and South America) Spain in the New World Spanish goals (and Portugals' Conquest, colonization, and conversion In Europe Primogeniture = oldest son inherits all after father's death Second sons are motivated into colonization and conquest Conquistadors – Spanish conquers (soldiers) Fight for – God, King, Money (gold) Spain has been at war for 700 years (Moors) Fall of Granada Priest – convert Heathens to Christ 1511 conquistadors have conquered Puerto Rico 1508 – 1509 By Juan Ponce De Leon Fountain of Youth Jamaica 1510 Cuba 1511 Dominican Republic and Haiti 1511 Still looking for an all water trade route to Asia (Spice Islands) 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers Isthmus of Panama Only 23 miles wide now they believe in a water route (Columbus short trade route) First to see Pacific from the Eastern side claims for Spain 1519 Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese sailor has been to Spice Island Hired by Spain to prove Columbus right or wrong First to cross Pacific (first to circumnavigate the globe) Started with five ships and 270 men, 3 years later (1522) one ship and 18 men get back to Spain. Magellan gets killed in Philippines April 27th 1521 War between tribe he converted to Christianity and neighboring tribe Proves earth is round and true size – found the all water route Spanish Brings the end to Civilizations Aztecs 1519 – 1521 Hernando Cortes (b.1485 d.1547) Conquistador, conquers two tribes that the Aztecs had already conquered From them he learns of the Aztecs, he organizes them to help him fight Aztecs Cortes also learns that the Aztecs are waiting for the return of their god Quetzalcoatl (The Plumed serpent), he left them into the Caribbean, saying he would return some day Montezuma II welcomes the Spanish with gifts Their houses are pushed by clouds Have conquered other tribes Cortes kidnaps Montezuma, and demands gold from the Aztecs 600 soldiers + 16 horses + 10 brass cannon + dogs (10 ships burned) Holds Aztecs' capital "Tenochtitlan" and ruler "Montezuma" for 6 months Convert Montezuma and kill him (garrote) when they are attacked Blame the Aztec attackers Aztecs counter-attack under command of Montezuma's brother drive Spanish out of city Spanish get the help of other conquered tribes and attack city for six months to win Incas 1520 - 1535 Fransico Pizarro (b.1475 d.1541) A citizen of Panama and experienced soldier 2 earlier attempts in 1520's (failed attempts, but he learned) First expedition - (80 men, 4 horses) starve Second expedition - capture a raft, 3 natives/translators, silver Third expedition - "Thirteen of glory" (followers turn back all but 12) Inca city of Tumbez (gets king's permission, made Gov./Gen. of Peru) Fourth expedition - (180 men, 37 horses) Tumbez found destroyed, Incas fighting Civil War, smallpox Conquest begins (Huascar in charge of the capital at Cuzco, Atahualpa in charge Inca army) Arrival in Cajamarca - Atahualpa waiting for news of battle Atahualpa captured Atahualpa's ransom Death of Huascar Execution (garrote) 1535 Spain controls most of Inca Empire (West Coast of South America) Spain feels Pacific Ocean is their possession Spanish Borderlands – Spanish attempts to invade other Indian lands Fla. To California Indians in these areas different than pervious experiences: Not on overall ruling group Tribal not empire Constant warfare 1516 Juan Ponce de Leon – Fla. fountain of youth never found (1521 settlement) 1539 Hernando de Soto - explored up the Mississippi (fever) 1540 Francisco Coronado – 7 cities of gold explore west saw the Grand Canyon (1542 broke) 1527 – Panfilo de Narvaez – looking for riches Fla. Attacks Indians in Fla. Forced to retreat Shipwrecked on the coast of Texas – leaves men goes into gulf in small boat lost Alvar Nunez Cebeza – leads group of survivors in land Estaban - Black mercenary/healer/translator Indians capture and make them slaves – believe they have healing powers Finally get back to Spanish settlement in 1536 Report size of area 1300 miles Number of tribes 1539 Juan Cabrillo Explores West Coast of America Laws = Laws of the Indies Spanish society Pyramid Viceroy – rules in King's name. New Spain and Peru both have one Peninsulares – highest class born in Spain set to rule Creoles – Born in Americas to Spanish parents Mestizos – Mixed parents Indian and Spanish Indians – lowest class, considered conquered people Three types of settlements: (each addresses one of Spain's goals) Pueblos – towns center of farming area some protection (colonization) Presidios – Military center, fort usually at river junctions (conquest) Missions – for religious conversion (conversion) Encomiendas – Spanish allowed to demand taxes or labor from all people Indians made slaves Columbus order native fill bells with gold If they can't pay that way they must provide labor *Mines and Plantations are the labor demands put on Indians Indians die quickly living in this situation Priest – Fr. Bartolome de Las Casas writes King and asks for reforms To stop Indian abuse Leads to importation of African slaves Sees the change and argues against African slaves Dies before his request for changes can be made Originally a Conquistador then become priest 1539 First book printed in Mexico (not really a colony they can do anything Europe can) 1551 University of Mexico opens 1565 St. Augustine - presidio first permanent city in North America Spanish found the French (Protestant) trying to build a fort/trade post Massacre them, then built a fort to keep them from trying it again Interested in it once they may try again Put fort there to stop it from happening Refuel and patrol fort Spanish changes to the world (1492 – 1560) Gold exported from New World 5x all in Europe before 1560 500x what Spain had before 1492 Permanent Settlement in New World Native Americans options To be killed or enslaved Dislocation or conversion Fight back 1/25 survive European diseases Europe Competes with Spain 1497 England 1497 Giovanni Caboto Italian sailing for England English King Henry VII calls him John Cabot (and brother Sebastian) Finds Newfoundland Declares fishing waters off "new found land" or Newfoundland for England Ship The Matthew 20 men 2nd trip 5 ships 200 men lost at sea (restart) 1500 - 1501 Portugal - Pedro Alvares Cabral finds Brazil (accident) 1524 Verranzano and Cartier - explores for France France explores and declares for themselves Carolinas to Canada Find St. Lawrence River Gone by 1535 (restart 1603) 1566 England Sir Humphrey Gilbert Harbor Colony of St. John 1609 Henry Hudson – explores for the Dutch Dutch East India Company on this trip, Hudson found what is called the Hudson River European Rivalries Old arguments from Europe come to the New World (countries not listed on the Papal Decree) Religious and Political differences 1517 Catholics vs. Protestants Protestant Reformation – Martin Luther France and Spain remains Catholic England, Germany and Holland Protestant Fight for religious and trade purposes Queen Elizabeth of England encourages the English to raid Spanish trade/ships Dutch and English also compete for trade in the New World New France 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas gives France no share of the New World French crown ignored the arrangement Francis I underwrote Verrazzano's exploratory voyage (1524) Cartier and Roberval on the St. Lawrence (1534-1543) 1603 – 1605 Samuel de Champlain (7 total voyages) Founds Port Royal Nova Scotia France actively encouraged the settlement of Quebec, Newfoundland and the Maritimes All settlers must be Roman Catholic church of France Declares St. Lawrence for France Founds Quebec (160 puts a fort where the St. Lawrence narrows Fishing and Fur trade French trap trade live and marry Indians French settlers called "coureurs de bois" = runners of the woods French send missionaries to convert the Indians (map large areas) Champlain maps St. Lawrence discovers Great Lakes with Indian help Excellent map maker, soldier, leader, businessman 1673 Fr. Marquette + Louis Joliet Maps Mississippi for over 700 miles before turning back 1682 Robert de La Salle Maps all the Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico claims all for France Names Louisiana after King Louis XIV Include any land and river system that flows into the Mississippi New France Government King appointed council and Governor Rules in the name of the king (rules harsh in town better to live in woods) King wants to calm colony down sends 1000 farmers with land rights to colony in 1660 Also send several hundred single women to colony 1671 Wants people to farm along St. Lawrence (only works somewhat) New France has less dense population, and better Indian relations New Netherlands (Holland, Dutch) 1581 declare independence from Spain (reformation) 1609 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson River (New York – Albany) Englishmen exploring for the Netherlands (maps) Ship Half Moon 1611 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay for English ship Hopewell Muscovy (Russia) Company - his family owns shares Father was a member of Cabot's crew Northwest Passage - pass over Pole (no ice because of sun) 1611 lost at sea crew mutinied – exploring for England 1621 Dutch West India Company (United Dutch East India Company Maps) Given charter to open trade and colonize New World Under charter they also commission Privateers (to disrupt Spanish trade and shipping) Letter of Marque (or Letter of Reprisal) Letters of --, Authority formerly given to private persons to fit out an armed ship For use in Attack Capture Plunder of enemy merchant ships in time of war Letters used by governments to augment National Navy 1626 Peter Minuit first governor (director-general) Buys Manhattan Island from Indians for 60 "guilders" worth 24 English pounds Names new colony (Fort on Manhattan) New Amsterdam (New York City) Fort Orange also builds a trading outpost (Albany New York) Control Hudson River valley New Netherlands becomes major trading port They allow any nation or religion into their colony No need to control trade route Will carry goods for any nation Encourage other nations to use port and trade 3rd Governor William Kieft (the Butcher) 1597 – 1647 1638 Governor of New Amsterdam Unhappy with condition imposes military law and Indian tax Fur trade is declining from over hunting Dutch being to farm and take land from Indians This leads to some bad blood Makes military improvements to expand control and territory Uses Indian allies to influence other Indian tribes (Mohawks) Wipes out Wappinger Indians "Slaughter of The Innocents" 80 heads soccer balls 30 tortured publicly All Indian tribes declare war 6th Governor Peter Stuyvesant 1640 Must win war started by Kieft Puts wall by harbor to protect it (Wall St.) 1637 - 1655 Dutch capture New Sweden (Delaware) Founded by Peter Minuit Fired by Dutch because of Patroon System Dutch become rivals of the French in the fur trade Dutch ally with Iroquois French ally with Algonquin Indians begin to fight for European allies Government Governor, or "Director General" Governor and a council of five appointed by the company in Holland Patroon System - Least fifty settlers fifteen years of age or over Patroon was granted an estate of sixteen miles river frontage One side of a river or bay Or eight miles on each side of a river As far inland "as the situation of the occupiers will admit." 1664 England takes over New Amsterdam Changes name to New York after king's brother James, The Duke of York and Albany First Contact (new and old worlds) 578 St. Brendan The Navigator (b.484 d.577 or 583) Irish monk – go on journey for the lord to spread the Word of God Used currach boat – skin covered wood framed light boat some had sails Set up missions along his route picked up locals to show him next community On Irish maps references made to the Isle of St. Brendan Made it to Iceland + Greenland, maybe North America (U.S.) No lasting impact maps show St. Brendan's Isle floating in sea 1001 Vikings Leif Eriksson "Lucky Leif" (b.970 d.1020) Son of Eric the Red – founder of Greenland Kicks son out for murdering a man "wergild" man price Takes his clan and settles in Vinland – his brother visits in 1004 Saga or Viking stories tell tales of Leif and having to fight Skraelings (Indians) Returns to Greenland No lasting impact on U.S. (there are maps) 1421 Chinese discover and circumnavigate (Zheng He) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships • 3 August 1492, first voyage landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian and returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Three poor ships, crews released from prison. • 1493, second voyage 17 ships 1500 men landed on Marie-Galante, then went again in Cap-Haitien, St. Ann's Bay, and returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496. • 1498, third voyage. 5 ships landed in Santo Domingo, and returned home again to Cadiz, Spain in 1500. • 1502, fourth and final voyage. landed on the Bay Islands off of Central America, Portobello, and then returned home to Sanlucar, Spain, for the final time • He later died in 1506 Columbus gets the credit why? CULTURAL EXCHANGE – Goods and Ideas Examples are: food, medicine, government, technology, arts, language Columbus/Europe brings Gunpowder Guns Domesticated animals Chickens Goats Horses Cows Metals Diseases Native American give Foods Corn Potatoes Beans Tomatoes Squash Peanuts Hunting skills Lacrosse Methods of War Political structure Ideas (League of the Iroquois) Diseases Europe Arrives in America Why - what leads to it? What Changed in Europe for Columbus to get all the credit? Europe coming out of Dark Ages (fall of Roman Empire) 470 A.D. Augustulas Romulus defeated by Germanic General Odacer No central control, power to local leaders/warlords Holy Roman Emperor (962 – 1806 German Kings) Middle Ages 500 – 1350 (632 prophet Mohammad dies) Knowledge in Europe actually shrinks (church says earth is flat, in control of Europe) Holy Roman Empire 962 – 1806 Unity of all Christian in a single state Hierarchical Political Organization - one head over all states Black Plague There have been three great pandemics of bubonic plague in history: There are three related diseases that make up the Black Death Bubonic Pneumonic Septicaemic plague Almost half of Europe's population died within three years. Feudal Structure: The feudal system provided local self-defense in the absence of strong rulers with large armies Feudalism form of government Nobles owe loyalty to king King rewards nobles with land (manors) or keeps (forts) Nobles collect taxes or tributes from peasants Peasants/serfs are bound to the land *People not educated *Church controlled all education and calendar *People do not move from land they are born on Manorialism Economic system of farming in England Originated from Roman estates (latifundia) Serfs controlled/worked the land property was shared lords/nobles headed manors lords/nobles protected people Primogeniture Oldest son inherits all land and money and power Problem of who would inherit land (Monarchs/Nobles) How to keep things together after the death of the head of the family Monarchy maintained itself by keeping power within the family without fighting Cities grew (population) New crops were cultivated NEW Innovative technologies often borrowed from the Muslims came into use Windmill Wheelbarrow helped people work Iron horseshoe Breast-strap increased the usefulness of horses as draught animals Trade Routes National wealth depends on the ability to trade Land trade routes must go through others nations dangerous and expensive 1265 - 1295 Marco Polo (Description of the World) b. 1254 d.1324 Crusades – religious wars to free Holy Land (1096 – 1291) Pope Urban II calls followers "mission" to free the holy land from an enemy "the Muslims" To unify the church under him against a common enemy Armed pilgrimages People from Europe travel to fight in the war (beginning control of trade/trade routes) War helps improve: trade, ships (sailing techniques), weapons, travel, and education Also rediscoveries of old knowledge Renaissance – rebirth of old teachings, and translations from other countries *Renaissance Man – well educated knows a lot about everything Roman and Greek influences 1360 gun powder and cannons Seaborne trade revived, Asian invention Magnetized needle Heavier craft suitable for ocean navigation Naval power = sea trade routes = National Wealth Ability to protect and insure trade route Trade route competition Portugal Spain France England New Reasons for Exploring Technology Mapmaking Earth is round Believe shorter to Asia across the Atlantic Ocean Exploration continued skills increased Navigation instruments Compass Astrolabe Allowed sailors to determine the relative height of stars and planets CHRONOMETER A mechanical device for keeping time independent of ship's motion. 1735 Access to new markets Different types of Economic System Mercantilism economic theory that says the world only has a fixed amount of wealth and that to increase a countries wealth (Economic Warfare) Discover Capture Trade Triangular Trade (keep colonies as trade partners, captive markets) Export raw materials Import finished goods (goods from other countries must pass through) Rebirth of banking Trade goods began to move from region to region (larger movement) New money help/encourage trade and encouraged a social revolution (Middle Class) Usury – charge interest when loaning money Printing Press invented Johannes Gutenberg – 1440 – 1445 prints bibles (Crusader passports) New way to store knowledge Learning leads to better education More and less expensive books (Hand copied by monks before) 1483 – 1546 Martin Luther 1517 Protestant Reformation Roman Catholic Church split into pieces "The just shall live by faith" – Church begins to lose control of education and ability to interpret (Printing Press) Martin Luther Against selling of indulgences Salvation to be through faith and the Bible Did not believe in the supremacy of the Pope Entered a monastery Posted 95 Thesis on church door Refused to withdraw his ideas at the Diet of Worms Published three books outlining his ideas Had a religious experience convincing him salvation was possible through faith alone Translated the Bible from Latin into German (common language) 1534 Enclosure Movement in England Close off the land from peasants larger more efficient fields farming and sheep herds (wool) Creates homeless and crime problems cities populations rise (strolling poor) Old World Colonial Powers Portugal 1394 – 1460 Portugal King's son Prince Henry "the navigator" – opens sailing school Prince Henry's aim - Portuguese sailors should sail around Africa and reach India (Spice) Three main motives behind Prince Henry's ambition: Desire for knowledge Being a devout Christian Spice trade ($) Sails to Africa School acts as a collection point for maps and trade info Trades with Africa and India (makes it around horn of Africa) 1441 Portuguese raid African village and take many as slaves 1486 Bartholomew Diaz Cape of Good Hope (west coast of Africa) 1497 Vasco da Gama sails all the way to India 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral on his way around Africa "goes off course by accident" Lands on Brazil, claims it for Portugal AGE OF DISCOVERY (thanks to Henry's advances) Spain The union of the Spanish kingdoms of Aragón and Castile 1469 by Ferdinand's (Aragon) marriage to his cousin Isabella I (Queen of Castile) 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Calvi (Corsica) Father was a weaver Oldest of five children Genoa was an important seaport Caught rides on ships 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella pay for Christopher Columbus After victory over Moors To sail west to Asia Instead of on Portuguese trade route Columbus says route (trade route, not that world is round) would be shorter 4 trips in all later will be arrested First trip is a gamble on an Italian captain 3 August 1492, left Spain first voyage Landed in San Salvador at Cap-Haitian Three poor ships crew released from prison 3 ships Santa Maria, Nina, Pinta Arrive October 12, 1492 Columbus keeps two sets of books lies about true distance traveled crew almost mutinies October 1492, marked the beginning of the Spanish conquest of the New World In the name of "Gold, Glory and God" ("Por Rey y Santiago" 1st colony Hispanolia *called La Navidad Returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Destroyed by Indians not long after he left to report findings No survivors November 1493 leaves Spain for second voyage 17 ships 1500 men Landed on Marie-Galante names new city Isabella after queen Went again in Cap-Haitien St. Ann's Bay First permanent is Santo Domingo (still there) *Port of Discovery Returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496 Portuguese King tries to claim discovery made by Columbus (he asked them first they refused) Papal Line of Demarcation (papal bull- order from the pope)(1493) Pope (Pope Alexander VI) divides the world between Spain and Portugal To keep the two most powerful and wealth R.C. nations from going to war (Mentions no other countries) Portugal and Spain ratify under The Treaty of Tordesillas June 6th 1494 Portugal gets known world Spain gets new or yet to be discovered world May 1498 left Spain for his third voyage 6 ships Landed in Santo Domingo Discovers South America Arrested and returned to Spain 1500 May 1502 4th voyage trip not allowed to land in Santo Domingo Explores – ship wrecked on Jamaica Returns to Spain November 1504 Dies in Spain May 20, 1506 Amerigo Vespucci (1451 – 1512) Sails for Portugal and Spain (named Pilot Major of Spain 150 he is from Italy Makes map shows NEW WORLD get nick name Amerigo's Land or in Latin "AMERICA" Martin Waldseemuller woodcut map identifies land as America (1538 Gerardus Mercator Map shows North and South America) Spain in the New World Spanish goals (and Portugals' Conquest, colonization, and conversion In Europe Primogeniture = oldest son inherits all after father's death Second sons are motivated into colonization and conquest Conquistadors – Spanish conquers (soldiers) Fight for – God, King, Money (gold) Spain has been at war for 700 years (Moors) Fall of Granada Priest – convert Heathens to Christ 1511 conquistadors have conquered Puerto Rico 1508 – 1509 By Juan Ponce De Leon Fountain of Youth Jamaica 1510 Cuba 1511 Dominican Republic and Haiti 1511 Still looking for an all water trade route to Asia (Spice Islands) 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers Isthmus of Panama Only 23 miles wide now they believe in a water route (Columbus short trade route) First to see Pacific from the Eastern side claims for Spain 1519 Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese sailor has been to Spice Island Hired by Spain to prove Columbus right or wrong First to cross Pacific (first to circumnavigate the globe) Started with five ships and 270 men, 3 years later (1522) one ship and 18 men get back to Spain. Magellan gets killed in Philippines April 27th 1521 War between tribe he converted to Christianity and neighboring tribe Proves earth is round and true size – found the all water route Spanish Brings the end to Civilizations Aztecs 1519 – 1521 Hernando Cortes (b.1485 d.1547) Conquistador, conquers two tribes that the Aztecs had already conquered From them he learns of the Aztecs, he organizes them to help him fight Aztecs Cortes also learns that the Aztecs are waiting for the return of their god Quetzalcoatl (The Plumed serpent), he left them into the Caribbean, saying he would return some day Montezuma II welcomes the Spanish with gifts Their houses are pushed by clouds Have conquered other tribes Cortes kidnaps Montezuma, and demands gold from the Aztecs 600 soldiers + 16 horses + 10 brass cannon + dogs (10 ships burned) Holds Aztecs' capital "Tenochtitlan" and ruler "Montezuma" for 6 months Convert Montezuma and kill him (garrote) when they are attacked Blame the Aztec attackers Aztecs counter-attack under command of Montezuma's brother drive Spanish out of city Spanish get the help of other conquered tribes and attack city for six months to win Incas 1520 - 1535 Fransico Pizarro (b.1475 d.1541) A citizen of Panama and experienced soldier 2 earlier attempts in 1520's (failed attempts, but he learned) First expedition - (80 men, 4 horses) starve Second expedition - capture a raft, 3 natives/translators, silver Third expedition - "Thirteen of glory" (followers turn back all but 12) Inca city of Tumbez (gets king's permission, made Gov./Gen. of Peru) Fourth expedition - (180 men, 37 horses) Tumbez found destroyed, Incas fighting Civil War, smallpox Conquest begins (Huascar in charge of the capital at Cuzco, Atahualpa in charge Inca army) Arrival in Cajamarca - Atahualpa waiting for news of battle Atahualpa captured Atahualpa's ransom Death of Huascar Execution (garrote) 1535 Spain controls most of Inca Empire (West Coast of South America) Spain feels Pacific Ocean is their possession Spanish Borderlands – Spanish attempts to invade other Indian lands Fla. To California Indians in these areas different than pervious experiences: Not on overall ruling group Tribal not empire Constant warfare 1516 Juan Ponce de Leon – Fla. fountain of youth never found (1521 settlement) 1539 Hernando de Soto - explored up the Mississippi (fever) 1540 Francisco Coronado – 7 cities of gold explore west saw the Grand Canyon (1542 broke) 1527 – Panfilo de Narvaez – looking for riches Fla. Attacks Indians in Fla. Forced to retreat Shipwrecked on the coast of Texas – leaves men goes into gulf in small boat lost Alvar Nunez Cebeza – leads group of survivors in land Estaban - Black mercenary/healer/translator Indians capture and make them slaves – believe they have healing powers Finally get back to Spanish settlement in 1536 Report size of area 1300 miles Number of tribes 1539 Juan Cabrillo Explores West Coast of America Laws = Laws of the Indies Spanish society Pyramid Viceroy – rules in King's name. New Spain and Peru both have one Peninsulares – highest class born in Spain set to rule Creoles – Born in Americas to Spanish parents Mestizos – Mixed parents Indian and Spanish Indians – lowest class, considered conquered people Three types of settlements: (each addresses one of Spain's goals) Pueblos – towns center of farming area some protection (colonization) Presidios – Military center, fort usually at river junctions (conquest) Missions – for religious conversion (conversion) Encomiendas – Spanish allowed to demand taxes or labor from all people Indians made slaves Columbus order native fill bells with gold If they can't pay that way they must provide labor *Mines and Plantations are the labor demands put on Indians Indians die quickly living in this situation Priest – Fr. Bartolome de Las Casas writes King and asks for reforms To stop Indian abuse Leads to importation of African slaves Sees the change and argues against African slaves Dies before his request for changes can be made Originally a Conquistador then become priest 1539 First book printed in Mexico (not really a colony they can do anything Europe can) 1551 University of Mexico opens 1565 St. Augustine - presidio first permanent city in North America Spanish found the French (Protestant) trying to build a fort/trade post Massacre them, then built a fort to keep them from trying it again Interested in it once they may try again Put fort there to stop it from happening Refuel and patrol fort Spanish changes to the world (1492 – 1560) Gold exported from New World 5x all in Europe before 1560 500x what Spain had before 1492 Permanent Settlement in New World Native Americans options To be killed or enslaved Dislocation or conversion Fight back 1/25 survive European diseases Europe Competes with Spain 1497 England 1497 Giovanni Caboto Italian sailing for England English King Henry VII calls him John Cabot (and brother Sebastian) Finds Newfoundland Declares fishing waters off "new found land" or Newfoundland for England Ship The Matthew 20 men 2nd trip 5 ships 200 men lost at sea (restart) 1500 - 1501 Portugal - Pedro Alvares Cabral finds Brazil (accident) 1524 Verranzano and Cartier - explores for France France explores and declares for themselves Carolinas to Canada Find St. Lawrence River Gone by 1535 (restart 1603) 1566 England Sir Humphrey Gilbert Harbor Colony of St. John 1609 Henry Hudson – explores for the Dutch Dutch East India Company on this trip, Hudson found what is called the Hudson River European Rivalries Old arguments from Europe come to the New World (countries not listed on the Papal Decree) Religious and Political differences 1517 Catholics vs. Protestants Protestant Reformation – Martin Luther France and Spain remains Catholic England, Germany and Holland Protestant Fight for religious and trade purposes Queen Elizabeth of England encourages the English to raid Spanish trade/ships Dutch and English also compete for trade in the New World New France 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas gives France no share of the New World French crown ignored the arrangement Francis I underwrote Verrazzano's exploratory voyage (1524) Cartier and Roberval on the St. Lawrence (1534-1543) 1603 – 1605 Samuel de Champlain (7 total voyages) Founds Port Royal Nova Scotia France actively encouraged the settlement of Quebec, Newfoundland and the Maritimes All settlers must be Roman Catholic church of France Declares St. Lawrence for France Founds Quebec (160 puts a fort where the St. Lawrence narrows Fishing and Fur trade French trap trade live and marry Indians French settlers called "coureurs de bois" = runners of the woods French send missionaries to convert the Indians (map large areas) Champlain maps St. Lawrence discovers Great Lakes with Indian help Excellent map maker, soldier, leader, businessman 1673 Fr. Marquette + Louis Joliet Maps Mississippi for over 700 miles before turning back 1682 Robert de La Salle Maps all the Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico claims all for France Names Louisiana after King Louis XIV Include any land and river system that flows into the Mississippi New France Government King appointed council and Governor Rules in the name of the king (rules harsh in town better to live in woods) King wants to calm colony down sends 1000 farmers with land rights to colony in 1660 Also send several hundred single women to colony 1671 Wants people to farm along St. Lawrence (only works somewhat) New France has less dense population, and better Indian relations New Netherlands (Holland, Dutch) 1581 declare independence from Spain (reformation) 1609 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson River (New York – Albany) Englishmen exploring for the Netherlands (maps) Ship Half Moon 1611 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay for English ship Hopewell Muscovy (Russia) Company - his family owns shares Father was a member of Cabot's crew Northwest Passage - pass over Pole (no ice because of sun) 1611 lost at sea crew mutinied – exploring for England 1621 Dutch West India Company (United Dutch East India Company Maps) Given charter to open trade and colonize New World Under charter they also commission Privateers (to disrupt Spanish trade and shipping) Letter of Marque (or Letter of Reprisal) Letters of --, Authority formerly given to private persons to fit out an armed ship For use in Attack Cap

1st colony Hispanolia *called La Navidad Returned home to Palos, Spain, in 1493 Destroyed by Indians not long after he left to report findings No survivors November 1493 leaves Spain for second voyage 17 ships 1500 men Landed on Marie-Galante names new city Isabella after queen Went again in Cap-Haitien St. Ann's Bay First permanent is Santo Domingo (still there) *Port of Discovery Returned to Cadiz, Spain, in 1496 Portuguese King tries to claim discovery made by Columbus (he asked them first they refused) Papal Line of Demarcation (papal bull- order from the pope)(1493) Pope (Pope Alexander VI) divides the world between Spain and Portugal To keep the two most powerful and wealth R.C. nations from going to war (Mentions no other countries) Portugal and Spain ratify under The Treaty of Tordesillas June 6th 1494 Portugal gets known world Spain gets new or yet to be discovered world May 1498 left Spain for his third voyage 6 ships Landed in Santo Domingo Discovers South America Arrested and returned to Spain 1500 May 1502 4th voyage trip not allowed to land in Santo Domingo Explores – ship wrecked on Jamaica Returns to Spain November 1504 Dies in Spain May 20, 1506 Amerigo Vespucci (1451 – 1512) Sails for Portugal and Spain (named Pilot Major of Spain 150

he is from Italy Makes map shows NEW WORLD get nick name Amerigo's Land or in Latin "AMERICA" Martin Waldseemuller woodcut map identifies land as America (1538 Gerardus Mercator Map shows North and South America) Spain in the New World Spanish goals (and Portugals'

Conquest, colonization, and conversion In Europe Primogeniture = oldest son inherits all after father's death Second sons are motivated into colonization and conquest Conquistadors – Spanish conquers (soldiers) Fight for – God, King, Money (gold) Spain has been at war for 700 years (Moors) Fall of Granada Priest – convert Heathens to Christ 1511 conquistadors have conquered Puerto Rico 1508 – 1509 By Juan Ponce De Leon Fountain of Youth Jamaica 1510 Cuba 1511 Dominican Republic and Haiti 1511 Still looking for an all water trade route to Asia (Spice Islands) 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers Isthmus of Panama Only 23 miles wide now they believe in a water route (Columbus short trade route) First to see Pacific from the Eastern side claims for Spain 1519 Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese sailor has been to Spice Island Hired by Spain to prove Columbus right or wrong First to cross Pacific (first to circumnavigate the globe) Started with five ships and 270 men, 3 years later (1522) one ship and 18 men get back to Spain. Magellan gets killed in Philippines April 27th 1521 War between tribe he converted to Christianity and neighboring tribe Proves earth is round and true size – found the all water route Spanish Brings the end to Civilizations Aztecs 1519 – 1521 Hernando Cortes (b.1485 d.1547) Conquistador, conquers two tribes that the Aztecs had already conquered From them he learns of the Aztecs, he organizes them to help him fight Aztecs Cortes also learns that the Aztecs are waiting for the return of their god Quetzalcoatl (The Plumed serpent), he left them into the Caribbean, saying he would return some day Montezuma II welcomes the Spanish with gifts Their houses are pushed by clouds Have conquered other tribes Cortes kidnaps Montezuma, and demands gold from the Aztecs 600 soldiers + 16 horses + 10 brass cannon + dogs (10 ships burned) Holds Aztecs' capital "Tenochtitlan" and ruler "Montezuma" for 6 months Convert Montezuma and kill him (garrote) when they are attacked Blame the Aztec attackers Aztecs counter-attack under command of Montezuma's brother drive Spanish out of city Spanish get the help of other conquered tribes and attack city for six months to win Incas 1520 - 1535 Fransico Pizarro (b.1475 d.1541) A citizen of Panama and experienced soldier 2 earlier attempts in 1520's (failed attempts, but he learned) First expedition - (80 men, 4 horses) starve Second expedition - capture a raft, 3 natives/translators, silver Third expedition - "Thirteen of glory" (followers turn back all but 12) Inca city of Tumbez (gets king's permission, made Gov./Gen. of Peru) Fourth expedition - (180 men, 37 horses) Tumbez found destroyed, Incas fighting Civil War, smallpox Conquest begins (Huascar in charge of the capital at Cuzco, Atahualpa in charge Inca army) Arrival in Cajamarca - Atahualpa waiting for news of battle Atahualpa captured Atahualpa's ransom Death of Huascar Execution (garrote) 1535 Spain controls most of Inca Empire (West Coast of South America) Spain feels Pacific Ocean is their possession Spanish Borderlands – Spanish attempts to invade other Indian lands Fla. To California Indians in these areas different than pervious experiences: Not on overall ruling group Tribal not empire Constant warfare 1516 Juan Ponce de Leon – Fla. fountain of youth never found (1521 settlement) 1539 Hernando de Soto - explored up the Mississippi (fever) 1540 Francisco Coronado – 7 cities of gold explore west saw the Grand Canyon (1542 broke) 1527 – Panfilo de Narvaez – looking for riches Fla. Attacks Indians in Fla. Forced to retreat Shipwrecked on the coast of Texas – leaves men goes into gulf in small boat lost Alvar Nunez Cebeza – leads group of survivors in land Estaban - Black mercenary/healer/translator Indians capture and make them slaves – believe they have healing powers Finally get back to Spanish settlement in 1536 Report size of area 1300 miles Number of tribes 1539 Juan Cabrillo Explores West Coast of America Laws = Laws of the Indies Spanish society Pyramid Viceroy – rules in King's name. New Spain and Peru both have one Peninsulares – highest class born in Spain set to rule Creoles – Born in Americas to Spanish parents Mestizos – Mixed parents Indian and Spanish Indians – lowest class, considered conquered people Three types of settlements: (each addresses one of Spain's goals) Pueblos – towns center of farming area some protection (colonization) Presidios – Military center, fort usually at river junctions (conquest) Missions – for religious conversion (conversion) Encomiendas – Spanish allowed to demand taxes or labor from all people Indians made slaves Columbus order native fill bells with gold If they can't pay that way they must provide labor *Mines and Plantations are the labor demands put on Indians Indians die quickly living in this situation Priest – Fr. Bartolome de Las Casas writes King and asks for reforms To stop Indian abuse Leads to importation of African slaves Sees the change and argues against African slaves Dies before his request for changes can be made Originally a Conquistador then become priest 1539 First book printed in Mexico (not really a colony they can do anything Europe can) 1551 University of Mexico opens 1565 St. Augustine - presidio first permanent city in North America Spanish found the French (Protestant) trying to build a fort/trade post Massacre them, then built a fort to keep them from trying it again Interested in it once they may try again Put fort there to stop it from happening Refuel and patrol fort Spanish changes to the world (1492 – 1560) Gold exported from New World 5x all in Europe before 1560 500x what Spain had before 1492 Permanent Settlement in New World Native Americans options To be killed or enslaved Dislocation or conversion Fight back 1/25 survive European diseases Europe Competes with Spain 1497 England 1497 Giovanni Caboto Italian sailing for England English King Henry VII calls him John Cabot (and brother Sebastian) Finds Newfoundland Declares fishing waters off "new found land" or Newfoundland for England Ship The Matthew 20 men 2nd trip 5 ships 200 men lost at sea (restart) 1500 - 1501 Portugal - Pedro Alvares Cabral finds Brazil (accident) 1524 Verranzano and Cartier - explores for France France explores and declares for themselves Carolinas to Canada Find St. Lawrence River Gone by 1535 (restart 1603) 1566 England Sir Humphrey Gilbert Harbor Colony of St. John 1609 Henry Hudson – explores for the Dutch Dutch East India Company on this trip, Hudson found what is called the Hudson River European Rivalries Old arguments from Europe come to the New World (countries not listed on the Papal Decree) Religious and Political differences 1517 Catholics vs. Protestants Protestant Reformation – Martin Luther France and Spain remains Catholic England, Germany and Holland Protestant Fight for religious and trade purposes Queen Elizabeth of England encourages the English to raid Spanish trade/ships Dutch and English also compete for trade in the New World New France 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas gives France no share of the New World French crown ignored the arrangement Francis I underwrote Verrazzano's exploratory voyage (1524) Cartier and Roberval on the St. Lawrence (1534-1543) 1603 – 1605 Samuel de Champlain (7 total voyages) Founds Port Royal Nova Scotia France actively encouraged the settlement of Quebec, Newfoundland and the Maritimes All settlers must be Roman Catholic church of France Declares St. Lawrence for France Founds Quebec (160

puts a fort where the St. Lawrence narrows Fishing and Fur trade French trap trade live and marry Indians French settlers called "coureurs de bois" = runners of the woods French send missionaries to convert the Indians (map large areas) Champlain maps St. Lawrence discovers Great Lakes with Indian help Excellent map maker, soldier, leader, businessman 1673 Fr. Marquette + Louis Joliet Maps Mississippi for over 700 miles before turning back 1682 Robert de La Salle Maps all the Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico claims all for France Names Louisiana after King Louis XIV Include any land and river system that flows into the Mississippi New France Government King appointed council and Governor Rules in the name of the king (rules harsh in town better to live in woods) King wants to calm colony down sends 1000 farmers with land rights to colony in 1660 Also send several hundred single women to colony 1671 Wants people to farm along St. Lawrence (only works somewhat) New France has less dense population, and better Indian relations New Netherlands (Holland, Dutch) 1581 declare independence from Spain (reformation) 1609 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson River (New York – Albany) Englishmen exploring for the Netherlands (maps) Ship Half Moon 1611 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay for English ship Hopewell Muscovy (Russia) Company - his family owns shares Father was a member of Cabot's crew Northwest Passage - pass over Pole (no ice because of sun) 1611 lost at sea crew mutinied – exploring for England 1621 Dutch West India Company (United Dutch East India Company Maps) Given charter to open trade and colonize New World Under charter they also commission Privateers (to disrupt Spanish trade and shipping) Letter of Marque (or Letter of Reprisal) Letters of --, Authority formerly given to private persons to fit out an armed ship For use in Attack Capture Plunder of enemy merchant ships in time of war Letters used by governments to augment National Navy 1626 Peter Minuit first governor (director-general) Buys Manhattan Island from Indians for 60 "guilders" worth 24 English pounds Names new colony (Fort on Manhattan) New Amsterdam (New York City) Fort Orange also builds a trading outpost (Albany New York) Control Hudson River valley New Netherlands becomes major trading port They allow any nation or religion into their colony No need to control trade route Will carry goods for any nation Encourage other nations to use port and trade 3rd Governor William Kieft (the Butcher) 1597 – 1647 1638 Governor of New Amsterdam Unhappy with condition imposes military law and Indian tax Fur trade is declining from over hunting Dutch being to farm and take land from Indians This leads to some bad blood Makes military improvements to expand control and territory Uses Indian allies to influence other Indian tribes (Mohawks) Wipes out Wappinger Indians "Slaughter of The Innocents" 80 heads soccer balls 30 tortured publicly All Indian tribes declare war 6th Governor Peter Stuyvesant 1640 Must win war started by Kieft Puts wall by harbor to protect it (Wall St.) 1637 - 1655 Dutch capture New Sweden (Delaware) Founded by Peter Minuit Fired by Dutch because of Patroon System Dutch become rivals of the French in the fur trade Dutch ally with Iroquois French ally with Algonquin Indians begin to fight for European allies Government Governor, or "Director General" Governor and a council of five appointed by the company in Holland Patroon System - Least fifty settlers fifteen years of age or over Patroon was granted an estate of sixteen miles river frontage One side of a river or bay Or eight miles on each side of a river As far inland "as the situation of the occupiers will admit." 1664 England takes over New Amsterdam Changes name to New York after king's brother James, The Duke of York and Albany

ericvolp12 : Here R

ericvolp12 : Here R The history notes, no need to tank me.

johnpend : volpert what was that

kennfitzy : that was stupid

kennfitzy : im ashamed

harrwhit : thanks for the notes

MinwKwak : ya thanks

jammy1412 : heyy!!!!!!!!

jamemcco : what did he do the notes for

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Set: Countries and Capitals in Central America

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