PSY Chapter 4
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30 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 germinal period | first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation. |
| embryonic period | the stage of prenatal development from approximately the third through the eight week after conception, during which the basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs develop. |
| fetal period | the stage of prenatal development from the ninth week after conception until birth, during wich the organs grow in size and mature in funcioning. |
| embryo | the name for a developing organism from about the third through the eighth week after conception. |
| fetus | the name for a developing organism from the ninth week after conception until birth |
| age of viability | the age (about 22 weeks after conception) at which a fetus might survive outside of the mother's uterus if specialized medical cae is available. |
| teratogens | agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in brith defects or even death. |
| behavioral teratogens | agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functionig. |
| risk analysis | the scienceo f weighing the potential effects of a particular event, substance, or experience to determine the likelihood of harm. In teratology, risk analysis attempts to evaluate everything that affects the chances that a particular agent or condition will cause damage to an embryo or fetus. |
| critical period | in prenatal development, the time when a particular organ or other obdy part of the embryo or fetus is most susceptible to damage by teratogens. |
| threshold effect | a situation in which a certain teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level (the threshold). |
| interaction effect | the result of a comination of teratogens. sometimes risk is greatly magnified when an embryo or fetus is exposed to more than one teratogen at the same time. |
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | a cluster of birth defects, including abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth, and retarded mental development, caused by the mother's drinking alcohol while pregnant. |
| apgar scale | a quick assessment of a new-born's body functioning. The baby's color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and respiratory effort are given a score of 0, 1, or 2 twice- at one minute and five minutes after birth- and the total of all the scores is compared wit hthe ideal score of 10. |
| cesarean section | a surgical birth in which incisions through the mother's abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, instead of being delivered thorugh the vagina. |
| doula | a woman who helps with the birth process. |
| anoxia | a lack of oxygen that, if prolonged during birth, can cause brain damage or death to the baby. |
| low birthweight (LBW) | a body wieght at birth of less than 51/2 pounds. |
| very low birthweight (VLBW) | a body weight at birth of less than 3 pounds, 5 ounces. |
| extremely low birthweight (ELBW) | a body weight at birth of less than 2 pounds. |
| preterm birth | a birth that occurs three or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of the typical pregnancy has elapsed- that is at 35 or fewer weeks after conception. |
| small for gestational age (SGA) | a term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception. For example, a 5-pound newborn is considered SGA if born on time but not SGA if born two months early. |
| kangaroo care | a form of child care in which the mother of a low-birthweight infant spends at least an hour a day holding the baby between her breasts, like a kangaroo that carries her immature newborn in a punch on her abdoment. If the infant is capable, he or she can easily breast-feed in this position. |
| parental alliance | cooperation between a mother and a father based on their mutual commitment to their children. parents agreeing to support each other in their shared parental roles. |
| postpartum depression | a new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in teh days and weeks after giving birth. |
| parent-infant bond | the strong, loving connection that form as parens hold their newborn. |
| cerebral palsy | a disorder that results from damage to the brains motor centers. Difficult muscle control |
| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale | Test given to newborns that measures responsiveness and records 46 behaviors, including 26 reflexes |
| reflex | an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus |
| couvade | symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers |
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