PSY Chapter 7
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24 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 social smile | a smile evoked by a human face, normally evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth. |
| stranger wariness | an infant's expression of concern- a quiet stare, clinging to a familiar person, or sadness- when a stranger appears. |
| separation anxiety | an infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; most obvious between 9 and 14 months. |
| self-awareness | a person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual, with body, mind, and actions that are separate from those of other people. |
| trust versus mistrust | Erikson's first psychosocial crisis. infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, etc.) are met. |
| autonomoy versus shame and doubt | Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies. |
| social learning | learning by observing others. |
| working model | in cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. |
| temperament | inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-control. is epigenetic, originating in the gense but affected by child-rearing practices. |
| goodness of fit | a similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context, including family, school, and community. |
| ethnotheory | a theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture and that becomes apparent through analysis and comparison of those practices, although it is not usually apparent to the people within the culture. |
| proximal parenting | parenting practices that involve close physical contact with the child's entire body, such as cradling and swinging. |
| distal parenting | parenting practices that focus on the intellect more than the body, such as talking with the baby and playing with an object. |
| synchrony | a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a care-giver an an infant. |
| still-face technique | an experimental practice in which an adult keeps hiso r her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant. |
| attachment | according to Ainsworth, "an affectional tie" that an infant forms with the caregiver- a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time. |
| secure attachment | a relationship which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver. |
| insecure-avoidant attachement | a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return. |
| insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment | a pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant is very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion. |
| disorganized attachment | a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsisten reactions to the caregiver's departure and return. |
| social referencing | seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or amiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions adn reations. |
| family day care | child care that occurs in another caregiver's home. |
| center day care | child care in a place espeically designed for the purpose. |
| strange situation | a laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to stress in 8 episodes lasting three minutes each. |
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