| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Which rocks are felsic? Know both intrusive and extrusive | granite rock and diaroid |
| felsic rocks make up the continent | what does felsic rocks make up? |
| which rocks are mafic? | Grabo and basalt |
| what does mafic rocks make? | the ocean floor |
| plutonic rocks | are INTRUSIVE, it COOLS BENEATH the earth earth's CRUST, COOLS SLOW |
| volcanic rocks | are EXTRUSIVE, it cools AT OR NEAR EARTH'S SURFACE, cools FAST |
| pluton? | a former magma chamber where all the magma has solidified underground. it is an intrusive rock |
| what is oceanic crust made of | basalt |
| what is continental crust made of? | granite |
| oxygen, silicon, aluminum, calcium, | What are the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust? |
| crust | the thin outer edge of earth |
| lithosphere | is both the crust and the harden part of the upper mantle |
| athenosphere | hot weak part of the upper mantle |
| mantle | majority of earths interior |
| outer core | is IRON and NICKEL and is LIQUID |
| inner core | is solid iron and nickel |
| seismic waves | Vibrations that travel through the Earth due to an earthquake |
| earthquake | shaking of the earth due to stress in a faultplane or underground movement from a vocano |
| FOCUS | point in lithosphere where fault breaks |
| EPICENTER | The POINT on earth surface that LIES directly OVER FOCUS of an earthquake |
| GEOMORPHOLOGY | The branch of physical geography that studies the from and evolution of earth's surface. |
| How does volcanic glass form | is ERUPTED HOT and COOLS INSTANTLY so no mineral has a chance to crystallize. Obsidian common type and pomus. |
| lithification | The process that TURN SEDIMENT INTO ROCK by COMPACTION OR CEMENTATION. |
| Sandstone | a rock that is made of sand and feels like sand paper |
| Shale | could be compacted and it is made out of clay |
| chemical sedimentary rocks | from preexisting rocks that have been exposed to a new environment of more temperature and more pressure, form when water rich in dissolved minerals evaporates, leaving the minerals behind |
| limestone | rock consisting mainly of calcium that was deposited by the remains of marine animals |
| metamorphic rocks | rocks that have changed due to temperature and pressure |
| geologic time scale | CALENDAR of PAST events starting 4.6 billion years ago with the formation of sloar system including earth |
| 4.6 bilion years old | How old is earth |
| holosine | Which epic do we live in |
| continental shelf | is part of the CONTINENT that is UNDERWATER but is SHALLOW, it extends out from shorline |
| How much is the Earth is covered with oceans | 71 percent |
| landscape | physical forms that we see |
| Landform | a natural feature , such as hill or valley, on the surface of the earth |
| What are Earth's plates? Which layer do they "float" on? | the HARD RIGID BRITTLE OUTER LAYER of earth, the earths crust and the upper mantle earths plates are lithospherics plates FLOAT ON soft weak ATHENOSPERE |
| WEGNER | GERMAN METEREOLOGIST PROPOSED his hypothesis that ALL CONTINENTS WERE ONE AND THEN DRIFTEDinto present positions in 1915./ |
| PANGEA | super continent, composed of all present continents, which consisted of 300 and 200 million years ago/ |
| CONTINETAL DRIFT | the theory that the continents move relatively to one another in association with plate tectonics |
| PASSIVE PLATE MARGINS | no tectonic activitY |
| ACTIVE | a lot of tectonic activity plates are converging, spreading apart or passing by one another |
| TRANSFORM FAULT | Move<side to side> |
| CONVERGENCE | 2 plates coming together |
| Divergence | pulling the plates apart |
| SYNCLINE | downward dip in folded rock<UPSIDE DOWM HILL> |
| ANTICLINE | upward arc of folded rock/ SCUDH IS ON ONE |
| FAULT | fracture between adjoining plates along which plates can move |
| Normal fault | vertical fault, diverging force |
| Reverse Fault | vertical fault, compressional force |
| Strike-Slip | horizontal fault, blocks slide past one another – |
| Thrust | up thrown block slides over downthrown block |
| SCARP | after earth quake leave a little cliff |
| SEISMOGRAPH | intrument that MEASURES EARTHQUAKE WAVES/Records vertical & horizontal motion of Earth, & magnitude of motion |
| RICHTER SCALE | SCALE THAT MEASURES STRENGTH OF AN EARTH QUAKE |
| CINDER VOLCANO | smallest, made out of PLATEOPLASTIC material steep-sided volcano made of magma fragments & rock debris from central vent |
| COMPOSITE | Large, steep-sided volcano built up by layers of lava & rock debris – over subduction zones – viscous, silicate magma - explosive eruptions |
| SHIELD VOLCANO | :<largest> Broad, gentle-sided volcanoes formed from low-silica, low-viscosity magma – lava flows cool & harden to become basalt |
| crater | opening TOP of the VOLCANO where lava comes out LESS THEN A KILOMETER across |
| Caldera | OPENING TOP OF THE VOLCANO where lava comes out MORE THAN A KILOMETER ACROSS |
| HOT SPOT | Stationary points in asthenosphere from which a magma plume intermittently pushes through the crust above |
| HOT SPOT CHAIN OF VOCANOS | Hawaii & Yellowstone |
| Mechanical weathering | breaking of rocks |
| CHEMICAL | changes the structure and mineral of rock |
| Frost wedging | MOST IMPORATNT>alternate FREEZING and MELTING of WATER in fractures OF ROCKS CAUSES disintegration |
| Unloading | SHEDDING OF igneous and metamorphic rocks at the Earth's surface due to a reduction in LIMITED pressure |
| Thermal expansion | COLD AT NIGHT AND HOT DURING THE DAY GET ROCKS TO BREAK |
| Biological activity | HUMANS DO IT>disintegration resulting from plants and animals |
| CAP ROCK | A unit of resistant rock that caps the top of rocks and prevent is from falling |
| HOODOO | TALL SKINNY ROCK THAT IS PROTECTED BY CAP ROCK |
| MOST IMPORTANT AGENT in chemical weathering | water |
| OXIDATION: | rust/ rocks with iron are subject to this process |
| DISSOLUTION | WATER<SLIGHTLY ACIDIC> / marble and limestone rocks are subject to this process |
| MASS WASTING | the transfer of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity |
| SOIL CREEP | The gradual DOWNHILL movement of soils, trees, and rocks due to the force of gravity |
| SLUMPS | Slide where rock & sediment rotates & moves down slope along plane concave to surface |
| MUDFLOWS | Fine textured sediments that move very quickly down slope – occur after heavy rainfall |
| LANDSLIDES | fast MOVEMENT OF SOIL AND ROCKS DOWN A STEEP SLOPE DUE TO GRAVITY, TRIGGERED BY AND EVENT SUCH AS AN EARTHQUAKE |
| AVALANCHE | A large mass of snow or rock that suddenly sides down a mountain |
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