Exam 2
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Created by:
mmknighton on October 28, 2009
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Chapter 7 - Cognition
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34 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cognition | mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others; thinking, intelligence, and language |
| Mental images | mental representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality; takes up a lot of our thought |
| Concepts | ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities |
| Superordinate concept | the most general form of a type of concept, such as "animal" or "fruit" |
| Basic level type | an example of a type of concept around which other similiar concepts are organized, such as "dog," "cat," or "pear" |
| Subordinate concept | the most specific category of a concept, such as one's pet dog or a pear in one's hand |
| Formal concepts | concepts that are defined by specific rules or features; rigid concepts |
| Natural concepts | concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world; broader, not well-defined |
| Prototype | an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept; can be somewhat biased; sometimes you base on your own culture or experiences; based on limited understanding; a limited view of a concept |
| Problem solving | process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways |
| Trial and error | mechanical solution; problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found |
| Algorithms | very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems |
| Heuristic | an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem; AKA a "rule of thumb" |
| Means-end analysis | heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference |
| Artificial intelligence | the creation of a machine that can think like a human |
| Funcitonal fixedness | a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions |
| Mental set | the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past |
| Confirmation bias | the tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs; an instance where a person could use all of the bad things about you to prove a point |
| creativity | the process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways |
| Convergent thinking | type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic |
| Divergent thinking | type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point |
| Intelligence | the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems |
| Gardner's Mutliple Intelligences | there are different aspects of intelligence, along with several other abilities; verbal/linguistic, musical, logical/mathematician, visual/spatial, movement, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, existentialist |
| Stanford-Binet IQ Test | administration to groups of children, measures various intellectual skills, score is related to how you compare across age groups |
| Wechsler Intelligence Scales | based on verbal (information, comprehension, arithmetic, similiarities, and vocab.) and performance (picture arrangement, picture completion, block design, object assembly, digit symbol); WISC, WIPP, WAIS, WPPSI |
| Reliability | the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people |
| Validity | the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure |
| Deviation IQ scores | a type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15 |
| Norms | standard against which all others are compared |
| Developmentally delayed | condition in which a person's behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age; A more acceptable term for mental retardation |
| Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and fragile X syndrome | the 3 most common biological causes of developmental delay |
| Factors other than IQ to consider for developmental delay | intellectual and adaptive behavior skills, psychological and emotional considerations, physical and health considerations, environmental considerations |
| Gifted | the 2 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically posessing an IQ of 130 or above |
| Emotional intelligence | the awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotions as well as the ability to be self-motivated, able to feel what others feel, and socially skilled |
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