| Term | Definition |
| naval | referring to the ocean or boats: a naval expedition |
| convert | someone who "switches" or changes from one belief or religion to another |
| fray | a battle or skirmish |
| hardtack | extremely hard cracker-like bread; a staple on ships, exploration, and war |
| plunder | valuable items taken from the losers after a battle (weapons, food, jewelry, etc.) |
| rations | a certain amount of food that everyone would receive on an exploration or during times of war |
| mutiny | the act of rebelling against someone in command, usually on a naval venture |
| destination | the place where someone is aiming to go: "Their destination was the New World." |
| provisions | food and supplies |
| scurvy | disease caused by lack of vitamin C, in which hair and teeth fall out. |
| riptides | very strong ocean currents that can pull a person far out to sea |
| spoils | plunder or booty |
| circumnavigate | to go completely around something: to circumnavigate the earth |
| expedition | a venture or exploration |
| commission | something that you are paid to do, usually having to do with art: the artist was commissioned to paint a portrait. |
| sanction | to authorize, approve, or allow |
| indigenous | plants, animals, and people originating in a certain location (continent, country, or region) |
| booty | spoils or plunder |
| galleon | a large, slow Spanish ship, usually carrying a precious cargo |