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Types of cell transport Passive, Active, and Pocket Ribosome protein, free or bound, in both eukaryote and prokaryote, Golgi Body Exports protein from cell Cell Membrane transport, phospholipids, protein embedded on outside Cell Wall Cellulose, protection, Not in animal cells Cytosol "broth", fluid surrounding internal organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum creates cell membrane, steroids, proteins for exports, and detoxifies Lysosome recycles organelles centriole present during mitosis as anchor for cytoskeleton cytoskeleton railroad track, internal, moves organelles around Cilia and Flagella Movement, cilia moves things past cell, flagella moves actual cell Nucleus contains DNA Chloroplast photosynthesis, in plants Prokaryote no nucleus, 1/10 size of eukaryote, lacks most organelles Eukaryote conatains most organelles, 10X larger than prokaryote Cell Theory 1. All cells come from other cells 2. Cells make up all living things Hypertonic More solute than something else (comparative) Hypotonic less solute than something else (comparative) Isotonic Even balance of solute Water will flow from __ to __ from Hypotonic to Hypertonic Solute will move ___ Will not move because of selectively permeable membrane Cells are Small because... The smaller the cell the more efficient Interphase G1: Growth S: Synthesis- double chromatids G2: Growth, double organelles, not part of mitosis Prophase 1st real stage of mitosis, nucleus dissolves, chromosomes condense Metaphase Chromosomes line up in middle, entrioles appear at either pole, Cytoskeleton (spindle fibers) attaches to chromatids at centromere Anaphase Centromere dissolves, sister chromatids separate and "walk" along cytoskeleton to separate poles of the cell Telophase sister chromatids on opposite poles of cell, Spindle fibers disappear, Nuclei reform in poles of the cell, middle of membrane pinches in Cytokinesis Not a full phase, 1/2 a phase (doesn't involve DNA), cell pinches further and splits into two separate cells Chemical Cell Communication reception of molecules Physical Cell Communication membranes touch- see density (if dense, do not divide) Contact Inhibition if surrounded by other cells, has contact inhibition and WILL NTO DIVIDE if not surrounded by other cells, doesn't have contact inhibition and WILL DIVIDE Failure to Regulate Mitosis Contact inhibition regulated by genes, these genes can lose ability to regulate, divide too fast/too often= TUMORS Benign Tumor Cancerous, but not considered cancer, invades single tissue and generally doesn't spread Malignant invades multiple layers of tissue and spreads (metastasize), cancer 3 Problems with cancerous cells 1. Divide out of control 2. Lack Coordinated movement 3. Lack correct jobs Tumor Suppressor Gene "brake"- tells cell when to not divide Oncogene "gas"- starts mitosis, tells cell when to divide Law of Diffusion Particles will naturally travel from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Osmosis part of passive transport- occurs in a liquid environment through a selectively permeable membrane- No energy needed Facilitated Transport proteins in membrane provide channels for particles- No Energy needed Chromosome - Chromatin- Chromatid Relationship Chromosomes are made of 1 or 2 rods called chromatid which are made up of chromatin ( 2 rods after synthesis and before anaphase) Centromere where two chromatids that make up one chromosome touch