| Term | Definition |
|---|
| binaural interaction | hearing function at the brain level |
| air conduction | normal pathway of hearing |
| conductive mechanical dysfunction | hearing loss of the external or middle ear |
| sensorineural/perceptive loss | pathology of the inner ear, cranial nerve 8, or auditory areas of the cerebral cortex |
| prebycusis | gradual nerve degeneration with aging... affects hairs of cochlea |
| vertigo | spinning, whirling sensation |
| otosclerosis | stapes becomes fixed in the oval window impeding transmission of sound |
| ottis media (om) | middle ear infection caused by obstruction of the eustachian tube |
| cerumen | comes in 2 forms... dry and wet... genetically determines |
| recruitment | marked loss when sound is at a low amplitude, becomes painful when loud |
| objective vertigo | feels like the room spins |
| subjective vertigo | feels like he or she spins |
| microtia | ears smaller than 4cm |
| macrotia | ears larger than 10cm |
| enlarged lymph nodes | indicate inflammation of the pinnea or mastoid process |
| pain with movement | occurs in externa and furnucle |
| pain at the mastoid | may indicate mastonditis or lymphadenitis of the posterior auricular node |
| impacted cerumen | common cause of conductive hearing loss |
| purulent otorrhea | suggests ottis externa/media drum rupture |
| bulging drum | increased pressure in the ottis media |
| drum hypomobility | early sign of ottis media |
| bc | bone conduction |
| bc test | hearing loss indicated when testing bc |
| low set ears | my indicate mental retardation |
| infant child ear inspection | pull straight down to inspect |
| adult ear inspeaction | pull up and back |
| localization of sounds age | 6-8mo |
| otitis externa | swimmers ear, infection of outer ear.. enlarged regional lymphnodes, prevent by using acetic acid or alcohol ear drops post swim |
| keloid | overgrowth of scar tissue |
| osteoma | stony hard, rounded nodule, obsures the ear drum |
| otitis externa | swelling of canal |
| exostis | hard, rounded, small nodules of the hypertrophic bone |
| weber test | turing fork on top of head, bilateral sound production |
| rinne test | sound is heard twice as long by air conduction |
| positive rinne | ac>bc |
| ethmoid sinuses | sinuses between the orbits |
| parotid gland | largest salivary gland, lie within the cheeks |
| malocclusion | drifting of teeth post tooth loss |
| dysphagia | difficulty swallowing, occurs w/gerd, pharyngitis, stroke, etc |
| prolonged use of bottle increases | tooth decay, and middle ear infections |
| xerostomia | dry mouth |
| epistaxis source | commonly comes form external septum |
| circumoral pallor | occurs with shock and anemia |
| cheilitis | cracking at the corners |
| addisons disease | chronic adrenal insufficiency |
| stensens duct | parotid salivary gland opening |
| fordyces granules | isolated white or yellow papules on the mucosa, cheek, tonge, and lips |
| oral kaposi's sarcoma | common lesion in people with aids |
| torus palatinus | abnormal growth of the middle hard palate |
| bifida uvula | split uvula... any deviation indicates nerve damage |
| tonsil abnormalities | acute infection... bright red, swollen, exudate of white spots... may accompany mono, leaukemia, or diptheria |
| tonsils are enlarged | +2,+3,+4 |
| cranial nerve XII damage | tongue deviates forward and partially paralyzed |
| course tremor of tongue | alcoholism or cerebral palsy |
| fine tremor or tongue | hyperthyroidism |
| ammonia breath | indicates uremia |
| fetid odor of breath | respiratory infection |
| musty odor of breath | liver disease |
| chemical smell of breath | diptheria |
| sucking tubericle | normal finding in infants from breast sucking, or bottle |
| epstein pearls | normal finding in newborns, found on hard palate or gums. small cysts that disappear in first few weeks |
| bednar aphthae | ulcers on the posterior hard palate. result from sucking |
| ankyloglossia | a short lingual frenulum, can impair speech developement |
| furnucle | a small boil located in the skin |
| herpes simplex | heals in 4-10 days aka cold sores |
| tonsilitis/pharyngitis | fever >101. sudden onset. painful swallowing, sore throat |
| bacterial pharyngitis | caused by a-b streptococcus |
| basilar membrane | vibrates at a point specific to the frequency of the sound |
| organ of corti | sensory organ of the hearing |
| sensorineaural/perceptive hearing loss | pathology of inner ear, cranial nerve VIII |
| presbycusis | gradual nerve degeneration |
| middle ear | incus, stapes in oval window, round window, Eustachian tube |
| external ear | tympanic membrane, external auditory canal. bone, cartilage |
| inner ear | vestibule, semicircular canals, cranial nerve VIII, cochlea |
| annulus | outer fibrous rim of the drum |
| tympanic membrane | ear drum |
| basal ganglia | controls automatic associated movements of the body |
| thalamus | relay station for the nervous system |
| hypothalamus | controls temp, hr, bp, sleep, pituitary glands, autonomic nervous system, emotional status |
| cerebellum | motor coordination, voluntary movements, equilibrium, muscle tone |
| frontal lobe | personality, behavior, emotions, intellectual functions |
| precentral gyrus | initiates voluntary movements |
| temporal lobe | auditory sensory |
| wernikes area | language compensation |
| receptive aphasia | the person hears a sound but it has no meaning |
| brocas area | motor speech |
| parietal lobe | sensation |
| brain stem | midbrain, pons, medulla... composed of mostly nerve fibers |
| midbrain | contains motor neurons and tracts |
| pons | enlarged area containing ascending and descending fiber tracts |
| medulla | connects the brain and spinal cord. coordinates autonomic centers. respiration, heat, gi, nuclei for crainial nerves VIII through XII |
| spirothalamic tract | transmits sensation of pain, temp, touch |
| corticospinal/pyramidal tract | mediate voluntary movement. ie writing |
| extrapyramidal tract | maintain muscle tone, body control movements ie walking |
| upper motor neurons | cortico steroids, corticobublar, extrapyramidal tracts |
| lower motor neurons | final common pathway, direct contact with the muscles, cranial nerves, and spinal nerves |
| nerve | bundle of fibers outside the CNS |
| deep tendon reflexes | patellar or knew jerk |
| superficial | corneal reflex, abd reflex |
| visceral | pupilary response |
| pathologic | babinskis or extensor plantar reflex |
| cranial nerves I & II | extend from cerebrum |
| cranial nerves III-XII | extend from lower dicephalon and brain stem |
| vagus nerve | "vagabond" travels to the heart, respiratory muscles, stomach, and gallbladder |
| Spinal Nerves | 31 total... 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal |
| cranial nerve I | oldfactory... smell, sensory |
| cranial nerve II | optic... vision, sensory |
| cranial III | oculomotor... parasympathetic pupil constriction, opening of eyelids, mixed |
| cranial IV | trochlear... down and inward eye movement, motor |
| cranial V | trigeminal... mastication muscles, facial sensation, mucous membranes of mouth and nose. mixed |
| cranial VI | abducens... lateral eye movement. motor |
| cranial VII | facial... mixed. facial muscles, close eye, close mouth, saliva and tear secretion |
| cranial VIII | acoustic... sensory. hearing and equilibrium |
| cranial IX | glossopharyngeal.. mixed. pharynx, taste, gag reflex, parotid gland, carotid reflex |
| cranial x | vagus... mixed, pharynx, larynx, sensation of carotid body, viscera, carotid reflex |
| cranial XI | spinal... motor, trapezius, sternomastoid muscles |
| cranial XII | hypoglossal, motor, movement of tongue |
| seizures | paroxysmal disease characterized by sensory disturbances |
| paresis | partial paralysis |
| paralysis | loss of motor fnx |
| dysmetria | inability to control range of motion of muscles |
| paresthia | abnormal sensation of burning tingling |
| dysarthia | difficulty forming words |
| anosmia | decrease of loss of smell |
| ptsosis | drooping with dysfunction of cranial nerve III |
| ICP increase results in | abnormal pupil rxn |
| dysmetria | clumsy movement |
| hypoalgesia | decreased pain sensation |
| astereognosis | inability to identify object completely |
| peripheral neuropathy | worse at feet and gradually improves as you move up the leg |
| hyperesthesia | increased touch sensation |
| GCS | Eye, Motor, Verbal... 4,6,5 |
| nerve 1 test | odors |
| nerve 2 test | visual fields |
| nerve 3 test | extraocular movement, shine light in eye |
| nerve 4 test | extraocular movement up in down |
| nerve 5 test | clench teeth, corneal reflex |
| nerve 6 test | extraocular muscle movement left to right |
| nerve 7 test | wrinkle forehead, smile |
| nerve 8 test | hearing acuity |
| nerve 9 test | gag reflex |
| nerve 10 test | ahhhhh, swallowing, gag reflex |
| nerve 11 test | turn head, shrug shoulders |
| nerve 12 test | protrude tounge |
| fasciculation | continuous twitching of muscle |
| myoclonus | sudden jerk in intervals |
| tic | head twitching |
| athetosis | slow twisting writhing, moves distal limb more than proximal |
| chorea | sudden purposeless movement of limbs |
| intention tremor | worse with voluntary movement |
Combine with other sets
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