| Term | Definition |
| affective education | Schooling that helps students deal in a positive way with their emotions and values |
| alternative assessment | Use of assessment strategies, such as performance assessment, constructed response items, and portfolios |
| data-based decision making | Analyzing existing sources of information (class and school attendance, grades, test scores) and other data (portfolios, surveys, interviews) to make decisions about the school. The process involves organizing and interpreting the data and creating action plans. |
| differentiated instruction | A form of instruction that seeks to "maximize each student's growth by meeting each student where she is and helping the student to progress. |
| scaffolding | The way a teacher provides support to make sure students succeed at complex tasks they couldn't do otherwise. Most teaching is done as the students go about the task, rather than before they start |
| site-based decision-making | A system of school governance by which most decisions, including staffing and spending decisions, are made at the level of the individual school, rather than at district or other agency level |
| heterogeneous grouping | Intentionally mixing students of varying talents and needs in the same classroom |
| pedagogy | The art of teaching—especially the conscious use of particular instructional methods |
| Pygmalion effect | The effect of teacher expectations on student performance |
| metacognition | The ability to be conscious of and, to some degree, control one's own thinking |