| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Bedouins | Arab Nomads |
| Ishmael | Arabs were descendants of... |
| Mohammed | This man claimed to have received revelations from the angel Gabriel |
| Kaaba | The religious building that housed the "Black Stone"... |
| Allah | The Arabic word for god... |
| Hegira | The flight that was the turning point for Mohammed and his religion |
| jihad | "holy war" |
| Islam | Mohammed's new religion |
| Muslims | The followers of Islam are called... |
| Koran | The holy book of Islam |
| Caliphs | Mohammed's successors that led the Arab Muslims in holy wars |
| Battle of Tours | The battle in 732 that spelled defeat for Europe |
| Crusades | Europe's version of "holy wars" |
| Seljuk Turks | These people took much of the Middle East from the Arabs |
| Battle of Manzikert | The battle of 1071 when the Seljik Turks conquered Asia Minor |
| 1054 | When the Catholic church officially split |
| Saladin | The Muslims grew stronger under this leader |
| Richard the Lion-Hearted | This man lead the "Crusade of Kings" |
| Fourth | The crusade in which the city of Constantinople was robbed |
| 1212 | When the "Children's Crusades" occurred |
| Ottoman Turks | The force that became most powerful in the Muslim world of the Middle East |
| Mohammed II | This man captured Constantinople |
| 622 | The date of Mohammed's flight from Mecca (the Hegira) |
| 1095 | The date when Pope Urban II proclaims the beginning of Crusades |
| 1453 | The date when Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople |
| Istanbul | The capital of the Byzantine Empire |
| Justinian I | The last great Roman Emporer and first Byzantine Emperor |
| Constantinople | Another name for the "New Rome" |
| 600 BC | When the Byzantine Empire was founded |
| Belisarius | This man was the first to try and bring back the roman empire |
| Hagia Sophia | This building was not torn down. It used to be a church and was converted to a mosk. It set the standard for other mosks |
| Theodora | Justinian I marries this commoner |
| Leo III | This man led the "Greek Fire" operation that destroyed the Arab assult on Byzantine |
| Icons | Pictures of Jesus, Mary, etc... that people would open up as they prayed |
| Gregory the Great | This Pope ruled from 590-604 and helped fill the power vacuum in Europe |
| Hierarchy | Persons aranged in a series according to the degree of their power |
| Pontifex Maximus | "high priest" |
| Franks | The German tribe that settled in western Europe and established the first large empire after the fall of Rome |
| Clovis | This 15 year old king united the Franks |
| Merovingian | The series of kings begun by Clovis |
| Orleans | The city in which Clovis's church council met |
| Mayors of the Palace | Officials that gradually took over the kings' duties |
| Charles Martel | This famous "Mayor of the Palace" allied himself with the Roman Church |
| Pepin the Short | Charles Martel's son |
| Bishop Boniface | This man crowned Pepin king, first, in 751 |
| Stephen II | This man was the second to crown Pepin king. He crossed the Alps |
| Lombards | The Germanic tribe that showed interest in the property of Pope Stephen II |
| The Papal States | The "Donation of Pepin" became known as this |
| Charlemagne | Pepin's son Charles earned himself this name. It is French for "Charles the Great" |
| Charlemagne | This man ruled the largest area in the west since the Roman emperors. |
| Pope Leo III | This man called Charlemagne, "Charles Augustus, emperor of the Romans" |
| Louis | Charlemagne's son who was remembered as "the Pious" |
| 814 | The year of Charlemagne's death |
| Treaty of Verdun | This treaty divided the empire into three parts |
| 843 | The year in which the Treaty of Verdun was signed |
| Magyars | The barbarian invaders known as "Scourge of Europe" |
| Hungary | The Magyars settled in... |
| Moors | Muslims from North Africa that attacked Charlemagne's empire from the south |
| Spain | The Moors were entrenched in... |
| Vikings | Barbarian invaders from the north were called... |
| Scandinavia | The Vikings dwelt in... |
| Normandy | Among the most important Viking settlements |
| Feudalism | A way of life based upon the ownership and use of land |
| Fief | A piece of land owned by one man who permitted another man to use it in return for certain promised services. |
| Lord | The man who owned the land of a fief |
| Vassal | The man who used the land of a fief |
| Homage | "The vassal knelt and vowed to be his lord's man" |
| Oath of Fealty | "The vassal swore that he would be loyal to his lord" |
| Act of Investiture | "The lord gave the vassal an object as a symbol of the vassal's right to use the fief" |
| Knights | These warriors wore heavy armor and fought on horseback with a variety of weapons |
| King | The title for the man at the top of the feudal system |
| Crown land | A part of land the king kept for his personal use |
| Chivalry | The code of conduct for the nobility and the knights |
| 481 | The year that Clovis becomes king of the Franks |
| 732 | The year that Charles Martel defeats the Muslims at the Balttle of Tours |
| 1100-1300 | When the Crusades were held. The years. |
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