| Term | Definition |
| Levies | the conscription of troops |
| Mercenaries | a professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army. |
| Medes | an ancient Iranian people who live in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran |
| India | a peninsula and subcontinent of southern Asia soulth of the Himalaya Mountains, occupied by India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |
| Aegean Sea | an arm of the Mediterranean Sea between Greece and Turkey. |
| Overexpansion | extreme expansion to a uncontrollable point (as in a country) or to its breaking point (as in a rubber band) |
| Disperate | distinct in kind; essentially different; dissimilar |
| Tyre | an ancient seaport of Phoenicia: one of the great cities of antiquity, famous for its navigators and traders |
| Carthage | an ancient city-state in N Africa, near modern Tunis: founded by the Phoenicians in the middle of the 9th century b.c. destroyed in 146 b.c. in the last of the Punic wars |
| Phonic | of or pertaining to speech sounds |
| Greeks | Ancient people who lived in Greece: a muti-island peninsula to the west of the egean Sea |
| Etruscans | A native or inhabitant of ancient Etruria |
| Romans | A native, inhabitant, or citizen of ancient or modern Rome |
| Provincial Garrisons | A military post belonging or peculiar to some particular province |
| Colonist | An original settler or founder of a colony |
| Alphabet | any system of characters or signs with which a language is written |
| Accumulate | to gather or collect, often in gradual degrees: heap up |