PSY2012 Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion
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Created by:
thumpaholden Plus on November 1, 2009
Subjects:
Generaly psychology, motivation, emotion
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140 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 motivation | A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. |
| instinct theory (replaced by evolutionary perspective) | Four perspectives that explain motivation: 1)_______; 2) drive reduction theory (biological needs); 3) arousal theory; 4) hierarchy of motives. |
| drive reduction theory (biological needs) | Four perspectives that explain motivation: 1) instinct theory (replaced by evolutionary perspective); 2)_________; 3) arousal theory; 4) hierarchy of motives. |
| arousal theory | Four perspectives that explain motivation: 1) instinct theory (replaced by evolutionary perspective); 2) drive reduction theory (biological needs); 3)________; 4) hierarchy of motives. |
| hierarchy of motives | Four perspectives that explain motivation: 1) instinct theory (replaced by evolutionary perspective); 2) drive reduction theory (biological needs); 3) arousal theory; 4) ________. |
| Instincts | Complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned. |
| Drive Reduction Theory | The idea that a physiological need creates and aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. |
| physiological needs | Basic bodily requirements. |
| drive | An aroused, motivated state, that PUSHES us into action, often created by deprivation of a needed substance. |
| incentive | A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior, and PULLS us into action. |
| incentive | An EXtrinsic motivator. |
| drive | An INtrinsic motivator. |
| Arousal Theory | Theory that states that human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it. |
| Abraham Maslow | Name of the founder of the humanistic approach to psychology. |
| hierarchy of needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs; at the base are physiological needs that must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, and then psychological needs, become active. |
| physiological needs | Maslow's hierarchy of needs (five levels): 1)_______; 2) safety; 3) belongingness and love; 4) esteem; 5) self-actualization. |
| safety | Maslow's hierarchy of needs (five levels): 1) physiological needs; 2)_______; 3) belongingness and love ; 4) esteem; 5) self-actualization. |
| belongingness and love | Maslow's hierarchy of needs (five levels): 1) physiological needs; 2) safety; 3)_______; 4) esteem; 5) self-actualization. |
| esteem | Maslow's hierarchy of needs (five levels): 1) physiological needs; 2) safety; 3) belongingness and love ; 4)_______; 5) self-actualization. |
| self-actualization | Maslow's hierarchy of needs (five levels): 1) physiological needs; 2) safety; 3) belongingness and love ; 4) esteem; 5) _______. |
| physiological | Type of need: need to satisfy hunger and thirst. |
| safety | Type of need: need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; to feel safe, secure and stable. |
| belongingness and love | Type of need: need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted, to avoid loneliness and alienation. |
| esteem | Type of need: need for self-esteem, achievement, competence and independence, need for recognition and respect from others. |
| self actualization | Type of need: need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential. |
| hypothalamus | Part of the brain that receives messages from the stomach, liver and intestines about levels of glucose in the blood. |
| memory | Mental process that plays an important part in hunger, so that amnesia patients eat frequently if given food. |
| set point | The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. |
| basal metabolic rate | The body's resting rate of energy expenditure. |
| heredity | _______ influences our body type and the "set point" of the body's weight 'thermostat'. |
| body chemistry and environment | Two factors that influence when we feel hunger and what we feel hungry for. |
| glucose | The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body issues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. |
| anorexia nervosa | An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent woman) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) under weight. Continuously loses weight but still feels overweight. |
| bulimia nervosa | An eating disorder in which a person alternates episodes of binge-eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (vomiting, laxative use), fasting or excessive exercise. |
| sexual abuse (contributes but not causes) | Four reasons for eating disorders: 1)_______; 2) family (excessive concern with weight); 3) genetics; 4) sports. |
| family (excessive concern with weight) | Four reasons for eating disorders: 1) sexual abuse (contributes but not causes); 2) _______; 3) genetics; 4) sports. |
| genetics | Four reasons for eating disorders: 1) sexual abuse (contributes but not causes); 2) family (excessive concern with weight); 3) _______; 4) sports. |
| sports | Four reasons for eating disorders: 1) sexual abuse (contributes but not causes); 2) family (excessive concern with weight); 3) genetics; 4) _______. |
| obesity | Disorder characterized by being excessively overweight. |
| cardiovascular disease and heart disease | Ten health issues increased by obesity:1) _______; 2) _______; 3) diabetes; 4) hypertension; 5) arthritis; 6) back problems; 7) cancer 8) gallstones; 9) shorter life expectancy; 10) death. |
| diabetes and hypertension | Ten health issues increased by obesity: 1) cardiovascular disease; 2) heart disease; 3) _______; 4) _______; 5) arthritis; 6) back problems; 7) cancer 8) gallstones; 9) shorter life expectancy; 10) death. |
| arthritis and back problems | Ten health issues increased by obesity: 1) cardiovascular disease; 2) heart disease; 3) diabetes; 4) hypertension; 5) _______; 6) _______; 7) cancer 8) gallstones; 9) shorter life expectancy; 10) death. |
| cancer and gallstones | Ten health issues increased by obesity: 1) cardiovascular disease; 2) heart disease; 3) diabetes; 4) hypertension; 5) arthritis; 6) back problems; 7) _______ 8) _______; 9) shorter life expectancy; 10) death. |
| shorter life expectancy and death | Ten health issues increased by obesity: 1) cardiovascular disease; 2) heart disease; 3) diabetes; 4) hypertension; 5) arthritis; 6) back problems; 7) cancer 8) gallstones; 9) _______; 10) _______. |
| 30 to 40 billion | Number of fat cells in a normal body. |
| 2 to 3 | How many times can a fat cell increase in size? |
| 75 billion | Number of fat cells that an obese person can reach. |
| Inactivity | How TV contributes to increase of weight. |
| be motivated | Five steps to losing weight: 1) _______; 2) begin a weight loss program; 3) minimize exposure to tempting foods; 4) exercise; 5) forgive yourself for lapses. |
| begin a weight loss program | Five steps to losing weight: 1) be motivated; 2) _______; 3) minimize exposure to tempting foods; 4) exercise; 5) forgive yourself for lapses. |
| minimize exposure to tempting foods | Five steps to losing weight: 1) be motivated; 2) begin a weight loss program; 3) _______; 4) exercise; 5) forgive yourself for lapses. |
| exercise | Five steps to losing weight: 1) be motivated; 2) begin a weight loss program; 3) minimize exposure to tempting foods; 4) _______; 5) forgive yourself for lapses. |
| forgive yourself for lapses | Five steps to losing weight: 1) be motivated; 2) begin a weight loss program; 3) minimize exposure to tempting foods; 4) exercise; 5) _______. |
| hypothalamus monitoring appetite | Six BIOLOGICAL factors in hunger and weight management: 1) _______; 2) appetite hormones; 3) stomach pangs; 4) weight set point; 5) universal attraction of sweet and salty; 6) adaptive wariness toward novel foods. |
| appetite hormones | Six BIOLOGICAL factors in hunger and weight management: 1) hypothalamus monitoring appetite; 2) _______; 3) stomach pangs; 4) weight set point; 5) universal attraction of sweet and salty; 6) adaptive wariness toward novel foods. |
| stomach pangs | Six BIOLOGICAL factors in hunger and weight management: 1) hypothalamus monitoring appetite; 2) appetite hormones; 3) _______; 4) weight set point; 5) universal attraction of sweet and salty; 6) adaptive wariness toward novel foods. |
| weight set point | Six BIOLOGICAL factors in hunger and weight management: 1) hypothalamus monitoring appetite; 2) appetite hormones; 3) stomach pangs; 4) _______; 5) universal attraction of sweet and salty; 6) adaptive wariness toward novel foods. |
| universal attraction of sweet and salty | Six BIOLOGICAL factors in hunger and weight management: 1) hypothalamus monitoring appetite; 2) appetite hormones; 3) stomach pangs; 4) weight set point; 5) _______; 6) adaptive wariness toward novel foods. |
| adaptive wariness toward novel foods | Six BIOLOGICAL factors in hunger and weight management: 1) hypothalamus monitoring appetite; 2) appetite hormones; 3) stomach pangs; 4) weight set point; 5) universal attraction of sweet and salty; 6) _______. |
| sight and smell of a variety of tasty foods | Three PSYCHOLOGICAL factors in hunger and weight management: 1) _______; 2) memory of time elapsed since last meal; 3) mood. |
| memory of time elapsed since last meal | Three PSYCHOLOGICAL factors in hunger and weight management: 1) sight and smell of a variety of tasty foods; 2) _______; 3) mood. |
| mood | Three PSYCHOLOGICAL factors in hunger and weight management: 1) sight and smell of a variety of tasty foods; 2) memory of time elapsed since last meal; 3) _______. |
| culturally learned taste preferences | Three SOCIO-CULTURAL factors in hunger and weight management: 1) _______; 2) learned restraint in cultures idealizing thinness; 3) expected serving size. |
| learned restraint in cultures idealizing thinness | Three SOCIO-CULTURAL factors in hunger and weight management: 1) culturally learned taste preferences; 2) _______; 3) expected serving size. |
| expected serving size | Three SOCIO-CULTURAL factors in hunger and weight management: 1) culturally learned taste preferences; 2) learned restraint in cultures idealizing thinness; 3) _______. |
| Social bonds helps us to | 1) protect us against predators; 2) procure food; 3) reproduce. |
| protect us against predators | Social bonds helps us to: 1) _______; 2) procure food; 3) reproduce. |
| procure food | Social bonds helps us to: 1) protect us against predators; 2) _______; 3) reproduce. |
| reproduce | Social bonds helps us to: 1) protect us against predators; 2) procure food; 3) _______. |
| wanting to belong | Elements of belongingness: 1) _______; 2) social acceptance; 3) maintaining relationships; 4) ostracism. |
| social acceptance | Elements of belongingness: 1) wanting to belong; 2) _______; 3) maintaining relationships; 4) ostracism. |
| maintaining relationships; | Elements of belongingness: 1) wanting to belong; 2) social acceptance; 3) _______ 4) ostracism |
| ostracism | Elements of belongingness: 1) wanting to belong; 2) social acceptance; 3) maintaining relationships; 4) _______. |
| social acceptance | A sense of belonging with others that increase our self esteem. Decreased by social segregation. |
| ostracism | Social exclusion that leads to demoralization, depression and sometimes nasty behavior. |
| emotion | A response of the whole organism, involving 1) physiological arousal, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience. |
| physiological activation | Emotions are a mix of: 1) ________; 2) expressive behaviors; 3) conscious experience. |
| expressive behaviors | Emotions are a mix of: 1) physiological activation; 2) ________; 3) conscious experience. |
| conscious experience | Emotions are a mix of: 1) physiological activation; 2) expressive behaviors; 3) ________. |
| physiological activation | Internal component of emotion; the triggering of the sympathetic nervous system. |
| expressive behaviors | External reaction component of emotion. |
| conscious experience | The cognitive component of emotion. |
| sympathetic nervous system | The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. |
| Two Factor Theory | Theory of emotions that suggests our physiology (arousal) and cognitions create emotions. |
| Two Factor Theory | Theory of emotion proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, that to experience emotion we must 1) be physically aroused and 2) cognitively label the arousal. |
| low | Level of arousal that produces the optimal performance on difficult tasks. |
| high | Level of arousal that produces the optimal performance on easy tasks. |
| amygdala | Part of the brain that is activated in emotions of anger and rage. Doesn't involve much processing higher in the cerebral cortex. |
| anger and fear | Two emotions (in alphabetical order) that are processed in the amygdale because they are linked to survival and don't need higher analysis or interpretation. |
| cerebral cortex | Part of the brain that processes complex emotions such as boredom, guilt, jealousy, surprise, happiness - which are less directly linked to survival than other emotions. |
| left | Hemisphere in which the emotion of happiness is processed. |
| right | Hemisphere in which the emotion of depression is processed. |
| cognition (appraisal) | Process that interprets arousal into an emotional response. |
| facial feedback effect | The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger or happiness. |
| priming | Activating, often unconsciously, association in our mind, thus setting us up to perceive or remember objects or events in certain ways. |
| Anger | The emotion that is faster to detect from a crowd of faces, through nonverbal communication: anger or happiness. |
| yes | Do cultures recognize the same emotions from facial expressions? |
| female | Sex that is better at discerning nonverbal emotions. |
| female | Sex that is more expressive of emotions. |
| adaptation-level phenomenon | Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. |
| relative deprivation | The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves. |
| Biological influences on analysis of emotions | 1) physiological arousal; 2) evolutionary adaptiveness; 3) response pathways in the brain; 4) spillover effect |
| physiological arousal | Biological influences on analysis of emotions: 1) _________; 2) evolutionary adaptiveness; 3) response pathways in the brain; 4) spillover effect |
| evolutionary adaptiveness | Biological influences on analysis of emotions: 1) physiological arousal; 2) _________; 3) response pathways in the brain; 4) spillover effect |
| response pathways in the brain; | Biological influences on analysis of emotions: 1) physiological arousal; 2) evolutionary adaptiveness; 3) _________; 4) spillover effect. |
| spillover effect | Biological influences on analysis of emotions: 1) physiological arousal; 2) evolutionary adaptiveness; 3) response pathways in the brain; 4) _________ |
| cognitive labeling | Psychological influences on analysis of emotions: 1) _______; 2) gender differences. |
| gender differences | Psychological influences on analysis of emotions: 1) cognitive labeling; 2) _______. |
| expressiveness | Social-cultural influences on analysis of emotions: 1) _______; 2) presence of others; 3) cultural expectations. |
| presence of others | Social-cultural influences on analysis of emotions: 1) expressiveness; 2) _______; 3) cultural expectations. |
| cultural expectations | Social-cultural influences on analysis of emotions: 1) expressiveness; 2) presence of others; 3) _______. |
| spill over | Term for when an arousal response to one event can fuel our response to the next event. |
| ten emotions | Joy; anger; interest; disgust; surprise; sadness; fear, contempt, shame and guilt |
| joy and anger | Ten emotions: 1) _______; 2) _______; 3) interest; 4) disgust; 5) surprise; 6) sadness; 7) fear, 8) contempt, 9) shame and 10) guilt. |
| interest and disgust | Ten emotions: 1) joy; 2) anger; 3) _______; 4) _______; 5) surprise; 6) sadness; 7) fear, 8) contempt, 9) shame and 10) guilt. |
| surprise and sadness | Ten emotions: 1) joy; 2) anger; 3) interest; 4) disgust; 5) _______; 6) _______; 7) fear, 8) contempt, 9) shame and 10) guilt. |
| fear and contempt | Ten emotions: 1) joy; 2) anger; 3) interest; 4) disgust; 5) surprise; 6) sadness; 7) _______, 8) _______, 9) shame and 10) guilt. |
| shame and guilt | Ten emotions: 1) joy; 2) anger; 3) interest; 4) disgust; 5) surprise; 6) sadness; 7) fear, 8) contempt, 9) _______ and 10) _______. |
| contempt | Three emotions not present in infancy: 1) _______.; 2) shame; 3) guilt. |
| shame | Three emotions not present in infancy: 1) contempt; 2) _______.; 3) guilt. |
| guilt | Three emotions not present in infancy: 1) contempt; 2) shame; 3) _______.. |
| catharsis | Emotional release, such as venting (releasing) anger through action or fantasy. |
| reinforcement | Expressing anger breeds more anger, is habit forming though what process? |
| perceive world as safer | Six effects of happiness: 1) _______; 2) make decisions more easily; 3) more cooperative; 4) live healthier, 5) more energized and 6) satisfying lives. |
| make decisions more easily | Six effects of happiness: 1) perceive world as safer; 2) _______; 3) more cooperative; 4) live healthier, 5) more energized and 6) satisfying lives. |
| more cooperative | Six effects of happiness: 1) perceive world as safer; 2) make decisions more easily; 3) _______.; 4) live healthier, 5) more energized and 6) satisfying lives. |
| live healthier | Six effects of happiness: 1) perceive world as safer; 2) make decisions more easily; 3) more cooperative; 4) _______., 5) more energized and 6) satisfying lives. |
| more energized | Six effects of happiness: 1) perceive world as safer; 2) make decisions more easily; 3) more cooperative; 4) live healthier, 5) _______. and 6) satisfying lives. |
| satisfying lives | Six effects of happiness: 1) perceive world as safer; 2) make decisions more easily; 3) more cooperative; 4) live healthier, 5) more energized and 6) _______.. |
| happiness | Emotion that is associated with being more willing to help others. |
| positive psychology | Recent school of psychology that focuses on being grateful for what you have. |
| feel-good, do-good phenomenon | Our tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. |
| subjective well-being | The self perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measure of objective well-being (such as indicators of physical well being) to evaluate our quality of life. |
| 6 to 7 | Number of hours after we wake up that our positive moods takes to rise to a maximum. |
| same | What is more or less the pattern of a negative mood throughout the day? |
| affluent | In ________societies, people with more money are happier than people who struggle for their basic needs. |
| balance | Over the long run, our emotional ups and downs tend to _________. |
| wealthier, temporarily | Many people in the West believe that if they were ________, they would be happier. However, data suggests that they would only be happy_______. |
| happier | People in rich countries are ________than people in poor countries. |
| happy, satisfied | A sudden rise in financial conditions makes people _______. However people who live in poverty or in slums are also _______ with their lives. |
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