| Term | Definition |
| soil | the loose material in which plants can grow in the upper layer of the Earth |
| humus | the part of soil made up of decayed parts of once-living things |
| topsoil | the top layer of soil made up of the smalles grains and the most humus |
| subsoil | the middle layer of soil |
| bedrock | the solid rock found under soil |
| sand | a type of soil with very large grains; it does not hold water well |
| clay | a type of soil made of very large grains; it holds water well |
| loam | a type of topsoil that is rich in minerals and has lots of humus |
| fossil | something that has lasted from a living thing that died long ago |
| mold | a type of fossil that takes the shape of plants and animals that were left in sediment when rocks formed |
| casts | a type of fossil that forms when mud or minerals fill a mold |
| weathering | the wearing down of rocks |
| erosion | the movement of weathered rocks and land |
| paleontologists | scientists who study fossils |
| fossils | evidence of things that lived long ago |
| imprints | fossils made from footprints or something thin like a leaf that fell into mud |
| humus | nutrients |