Botany Notes
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Created by:
MimiMoorman on September 10, 2012
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129 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Define "bios" | life |
| Define "ology" | the study of/ from logos; "the word, the understanding, the source of order in the universe." |
| Define Biology | the study of plants. |
| Define zoology | the study of animals |
| Define physiology. | the study of human beings and human anatomy. |
| Name 3 differences between plants and animals | 1. plants do not move - they are rooted down 2. plants have no brain. 3. plants are given for nourishment from the beginning. |
| Describe the plant kingdom of biology | Plantae sessile - not moving make their own food called photosyntesis |
| Describe the animal kingdom of biology | animalia motive - moving brains and nervous system growing Biblical view is that they are below humans in importance |
| Describe the monera kingdom of biology | monera bacteria and blue green algae |
| Describe the protista kingdom of biology | protista one-celled animals sponges, portozoa, slime molds, algae some have green chlorophyll to trap sunlight example. Amoeba, paramecium, amoeba |
| Describe the fungi kingdom of biology | fungi decomposers no chlorophyll (not green) fungi,, molds, mushrooms, plant has 4 main parts each of 4 parts called an organ each organ does particular job all organs work together |
| What makes plants reproduce? | Flowers |
| Flowers produce fruit that makes _ | seeds. |
| T or F. Flowers reproduce after their own kind. | True |
| What part of the plant holds the plant in the ground and anchors it? | The root |
| Name 3 functions of the root. | Three functions of a root: 1. holds plant in ground, anchors it 2. take in water and minerals from soils 3. stores food (ex. potato, carrot) |
| Name 4 functions of the stem. | Four functions of the stem: 1. holds up flower 2. carries water and minerals to leaves 3. holds up leaver to sunlight 4. stores food (ex. chives, celery) |
| Name 2 functions of the leaves. | Two functions of the leaves: 1. Many leaves are edible 2. Make food by carrying on photosynthesis |
| True or False: Most land plants have less root growth below the ground than above ground. | False |
| Describe the function of the xylem. | The xylem are tubes that transports the water and minerals UP from the root. |
| Give an example of a root that stores food. | Roots that store food produced by the plant go DOWN to the root in tubes called PHLOEM. Usually edible roots such as carrots, onion, garlic, beets, potatoes, etc. |
| Describe 4 ways roots maintain the soil. | Four ways the roots maintain the soil: 1. break up compacted ground 2. decayed roots add organic material to soil 3. breaks up compacted soil 4. decayed roots add organic material |
| Describe fibrous roots | Fibrous roots: lots of branching tangle of thin roots shallow roots that spread out from the plant |
| Describe primary roots | Primary roots grow directly from the plant embryo |
| Describe secondary roots | Secondary roots grow from other roots |
| True or False: Roots protect the plant and prevent loss of water. | True |
| Describe the function of root hairs | Root hairs: greatly increase surface area for absorbing more water and minerals |
| What contains the xylem and phloem (where the food is stored)? | Stele or central cylinder |
| What surrounds the stele, which can also store food for the plant? | The root cortex |
| What is the endodermal cell? | Endodermal cell is between the stele and root coretx where growth in width occurs. |
| Region of a stem that carries sugar (food) down from the leaves... | Phloem |
| Region of a stem that carries water and nutrients up from the soil... | xylem |
| Region of a stem in the growth layer where cells divide... | cambium |
| The stem, attaches the leaf to the twig | petiole |
| Flat, green area of a leaf, where photosynthesis occurs | blade |
| Vein in the middle of the leaf | midrib |
| The edge of the leaf blade | margin |
| a section of a single leaf, separated by an indentation | lobe |
| When several leaf-like structures attach to a single petiole... | leaflet |
| In photosynthesis, a leaf takes in what 3 things? | Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air water (H2O) from the soil energy from the sun |
| In photosynthesis, a leaf produces what 2 things? | oxygen (O2) which is released into the air sugar (C6H12O6) which is stored and used by the plant |
| What does photosynthesis require in order to occur; makes plants appear green? | chlorophyll |
| What is the thin, protective layer of cells that cover the surface of a leaf? | epidermis |
| What is the waxy substance that covers many leaves to reduce water loss? | cuticle |
| What is the slit-like opening in the leaf for the transfer of gases and water vapor? | stomata (stoma) |
| What are the two cells that swell and contract to for the stomata? | Guard cells |
| Which cell layer are close together in elongated columns towards the upper surface of a leaf? | palisade cell layer |
| Which cell layer are further apart with many spaces in between towards the lower surface of the leaf? | spongy cell layer |
| What contains the xylem and phloem tubes? | vein |
| What is the loss of water from the plant through the stomata? | transpiration |
| Describe a herbaceous stem. | Soft green flexible xylem and phloem are in bundles examples: tomato, bean, corn |
| Describe a woody stem. | hard rigid not usually green xylem and phloem are in rings examples: trees and shrubs |
| What are plants classified by? | Their growing season |
| Describe annual plants | Annual plants live only a single year must be replanted from year to year most herbaceous plants are annuals examples: bean, tomato, morning glory, zinnia, wheat |
| Describe perennial plants. | Perennial plants live several years new growth adds a growth ring each year (age of a tree may be by counting the growth rings) the thickness of a growth ring can also show the wetness of the year all woody plants are perennials examples: clover, rose, dandelion, black-eyed susan |
| What are rhizomes? | Rhizomes are special stems that grow underground example: grasses, ginger |
| What are two plants that reproduce without seed? | Gymnosperms angiosperms |
| Describe Gymnosperms | Gymnosperms are "naked seeds" the seeds are not hidden inside fruit conifers produce seeds in cones leaves are shaped in needles or scales most of these trees are evergreens do not lose green in fall quick growing examples: pine, spruce, fir, cedar a ginko is an unusual tree that loses its leaves in the fall, forms a broad leaf, but reproduces with seeds in a berry-like cone |
| Describe Angiosperms | Angiosperms are "covered seeds" these seeds are covered with fruit more than half the known plants in the world are angiosperms have fruit and flowers fruit and flowers on trees are unnoticed lose leaves in the fall - deciduous flowering cactus are angiosperms examples: apple, oak, elm, strawberry, saguaro cactus |
| Describe male cones in conifers... | Male cones quite small produce pollen grains a single cone may produce millions of pollen grains they can travel on the wind for miles |
| Describe female cones in conifers | Female cones typical cone-like structure pollen grain travels between the scales of the cone burrows to the egg cell in the cone when a pollen grain unites with an egg cell, a seed begin to grow contains an embryo = a baby plant contains stored food a seed coat protects what is inside when cones fall to the ground, scales open and the seeds are exposed the seeds may be carried a long way |
| Usually broad like leaves | petals |
| green, surrounded by an unopen flower | sepals |
| produce the pollen (a male part) | stamen |
| produce the seed (a female part) | pistile |
| produces the pollen grains | anthers |
| the stalk of the stamen | filament |
| the top of a pistil, sticky, where pollen grains land | stigma |
| the stalk of the pistil | style |
| produces the seed for a new flower | ovary |
| What are the eggs within the ovary called? | ovules |
| How is a seed formed? | An egg must be combined with pollen |
| Give an example of an ovary with a single ovule. | Peach |
| Give an example of an ovary with severy ovules. | Apple |
| Define pollination. | The transfer of pollen from a stamen to the pistel. |
| Name 4 things that help transfer pollen | wind water insects people |
| Define self-pollinating | pollinating within the same flower |
| Define fertilization | Combination of the pollen grain with the ovule |
| What is a seed coat? | The walls of the ovule |
| The two nuclei combine and begin to grow an _____ | embryo (small plant). |
| Name the parts of a seed. | Seed coat endosperm - food for the embryo embryo - young plant |
| What is the epicortyl? | Grows into upper stem and leaves |
| What is the hypocotyl? | grows into lower stem |
| What is the radicule? | grows into roots |
| What is the cortyledans? | seed leaves which provide food until the true leaves form |
| What is a monocot? | one seed leaf (ex. corn) |
| What is a dicot? | two seed leaves (ex. bean) |
| Describe the 3 steps of growing a new plant. | 1. mature fruit drops from plant 2. many seeds are dispersed by animals, wind, water 3. when ground is moist, temperature is warm, seed begins to grow |
| Name 5 ways to grow a plant | From: seeds stew cuttings tops of vegetables leaf cuttings bulbs |
| Name 6 things plants need to grow | Light Correct temperature air WATER good soil minerals |
| What causes root rot? | Too much water. Too much water can be as harmful as too little water. |
| Describe fertile soil. | rich in humus and minerals; fertilizers add minerals (inorganic) and humus (organic) |
| What is humus? | decayed plant and animal matter; increases ability of soil to retain water |
| What are minerals? | plants especially need nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium |
| Why is top soil important for plant growth? | microbes to break down decayed material |
| What is subsoil? | Soil that has little organic material, larger rock particles |
| What is sandy soil? | Composed of sand, water drains too quickly |
| What is clay soil? | water and air have a hard time penetrating |
| What is loam? | mixture of sand, clay and humus, great for growing |
| What type of plant has tubes for transporting minerals, water and food? | vascular plant |
| What type of plants are called bryophytes (liverwarts)? | Non-vascular |
| Give 4 characteristics of liverwarts | reproduce with spores grow on land or in water have flat, ribbon-like shapes need moist, shady areas |
| Give 4 characteristics of mosses. | have tiny leaf-like structures grow in damp places reproduce with spores help break down rocks into tiny soil particles |
| Vascular plants are called..... | tracheophytes. |
| Describe vascular plants. | true roots,stems and leaves grow very large |
| Name the 3 groups of tracheophytes (vascular plants). | 1. No seed (ferns, club mosses, and horsetails) 2. Naked seeds (Germosperms) 3. Coverd seeds (Angeosperms) |
| Give 4 characteristics of ferns | Feathery leaves needs lots of moisture some are tree ferns reproduce with spores |
| Give 3 characteristics of club mosses | low-growing evergreen plants horizontal above ground stems reproduce by spores |
| Give 4 characteristics of horsetails | hollow, jointed, upright branches horizontal, underground stems small leaves arranged in a circle around the stem joint spores produced in cones |
| Algae are classified as..... | protists. |
| Give 4 characteristics of algae | contain chlorophyll makes their own food are mostly one-celled organisms live in soil and water, on rocks, plants and animals |
| What is plankton? | algae; the basic food supply of the oceans |
| What are diatoms? | algae: hard walls, wide variety of shape and designs |
| What are protococcus? | algae; forms a green coat on tree trunks |
| What are spirogyra? | algae; forms long green threads; found in ponds, lakes and streams |
| What is giant kelp? | algae; a brown algae; maybe over 200 feet long |
| Describe Fungi | Does not contain chlorophyll does not produe their own food either saprophytes (break down dead organisms) or parasites (take food from living organisms) |
| What is yeast? | Fungi; make bread rise unicellular |
| What are mushrooms? | fungi; reproduce by spores, some are very poisonous |
| What are puffballs? | fungi; mushrooms with enclosed caps |
| What are bracket fungi (shelf fungi)? | fungi; does not have gills, grow on trees or logs |
| What is rust? | fungi; damage crops, parasites |
| What is mold? | fungi; often grow on bread and cheese; grow in warm moist places; athletes foot is caused by mold |
| Where do lichens grow? | on rocks, in soil, on tree branches, or tree trunks |
| What color are lichens? | usually dull gray - green, bright yellow or orange |
| What are lichens? | a fungus and an algae living together |
| Algae makes food for the... | fungus |
| Fungus provides the water and minerals for the.. | algae |
| What is symbiosis? | when two organisms live together and benefit each other |
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