| Term | Definition |
|---|
| element | Made up of atoms; can't be broken down into a simpler substance |
| essential elements to life | 25 |
| carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen | make up 96% of our body mass |
| Trace element | not many, important for healthy cells, plants get through roots, animals through food |
| atoms | building blocks of life; smallest particle of element; has characteristics of that element |
| nucleus | made of protons and neutrons; positive charge |
| electical cloud | electrons; negative charge |
| energy level(s) | outside nucleus, where electrons are found. Maximum number of electrons in any level = 2 x the number of the level squared |
| protons | defines the atom |
| nuetral atom | nuetral charge and equal number of protons and electrons |
| isotopes | Atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons |
| elements in nature tend to... | combine with other elements |
| atoms combine to... | be more stable |
| atoms are stable when... | the outer energy level is full |
| electrons are... | gained, lost, or shared to accomplish a stable atom |
| when bond is done | a new substance is formed |
| Covalent bond | From sharing electrons; Most common bond in living things; forms molecules |
| Ionic bond | formed by gain or loss of electrons; forms formula units |
| Chemical reaction | occurs when bonds are broken or formed; break down and build molecules; new substance formed |
| metabolism | chemical reaction inside your body |
| reactants | the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| products | the compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
| mixtures | substances mixed together with no chemical combining; all original properties retained |
| heterogeneous | can easily see parts in mixture and be seperated; salad dressing, rocks and water |
| homogeneous | uniform mixture, individual components not obvious; lemonade, milk |
| solution | homogeneous mixture; components don't settle out |
| pH scale | 0-14 to measure the acidity of a liquid |
| acid | 0<x<7; form H+ in a solution |
| base | 7.1<x<14; forms OH- in a solution |
| Importance of Chemistry in life | none, but the book says "Many chemical reactions in body depend on proper pH, proper temperature, proper concentration of solutions in order to occur" |
| water | Polar (has a positive end and a negative end) attracts ion well so dissolves many things, hydrogen bond holds it together; Capillary action; Resists changes in temperature; Expands when freezes |
| diffusion | movement of particles from high concentration areas to low concentration areas |
| active transport | uses energy in the transportation in cells from high concentration to low concentration |
| passive transport | no energy used in the transportation in cells from high concentration to low concentration |
| Osmosis | diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal |
| Carbon | very important to living substances; form 4 covalent bonds; single, double, triple bonds; formed straight chains, branched, or chains; form many isomers; form many polymers |
| Carbohydrates | composed of C, H, O (ratio 1 C, 2 H, 1 O); simple sugars - monosaccharides; |
| lipids | made of C, H, and a small amount of O; Fats, oils, waxes, steroids; Non polar so insoluble in water; Energy storage, insulation, protective coverings; All single bonds (saturated), one double bond (unsaturated), more than one double bond (polyunsaturated) |
| Proteins | C, H, O, N, sometimes S; Provide structure for tissues and organs; Made of amino acids (20 common a.a.), linked by peptide bonds, sequence of a.a. determines shape and function; Proteins important in contracting muscle tissue, transporting oxygen in blood, providing immunity, carrying out chemical reactions; Enzymes are a type of protein – change the rate of a reaction |
| Enzymes | Substrate fits perfectly in active site on enzyme; Causes reaction in substrate to happen faster (lowers "activation energy"); Products released; Enzyme unchanged |
| Nucleic acids | C, H, N, O, P stored as a nitrogenous base, a simple sugar, and a phosphate group; Stores genetic information; DNA, RNA; Nucleotide (base +Sugar + phosphate) |
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