| Term | Definition |
|---|
| 1. Adaptation | the percentage of decrease in stuttering when a passage is read multiple times in succession. The percent of reduction is calculated for each repeated reading. |
| 2. Chronic Stuttering | stuttering that continues into adulthood. |
| 3. Cluttering | a fluency disorder that is characterized by very rapid bursts of disrhythmic, unintelligible speech. |
| 4. Consistency | the percentage of stuttered words during repeated readings of the same passage. |
| 5. Disfluency | the flow and ease of speech is disrupted by repetitions, interjections, pauses, and revisions. |
| 6. Fluency | speech that is easy, rapid, rhythmical, and evenly flowing |
| 7. Fluency shaping | a therapy approach in which the clinician teaches the stutterer a new way of talking that is designed to reduce the likelihood of stuttering. |
| 8. Incidence | lifetime risk. The percentage of individuals given a population who report that they have, at one time or another, exhibited a particular disorder or condition. |
| 9. Neural plasticity | the idea that neurological structures and pathways reorganize themselves and change over time in response to the kinds of experiences a person has. |
| 10. Primary stuttering behaviors- | within word disfluencies (i.e., repetitions, prolongations, and blocks) that are sometimes referred to as "core behaviors". |
| 11. Prevalence | the percentage of individuals in a given population who present with a particular disorder or condition at a particular point in time. |
| 12. Secondary stuttering behaviors | adaptations that stutterers make as they try to get through primary stuttering behaviors or to avoid them altogether. The most common stuttering behaviors are eye blinks, lip pursing, arm movements, and head nods. |
| 13. Stuttering | an unusual amount of tense, within-word disfluencies that interfere with the continuity of speech |
| 14. Stuttering modification procedures | a therapy approach in which the clinician teaches the client to alter the way he or she stutters. |
| 15. Within WORD disfluencies | sound repetitions, prolongations, or blocks. |
| 1. Dysarthria | neuromuscular speech disorder. |
| 2. Hyper/Hyporeflexia | abnormally increased (hyper-) or decreased (hypo-) reflexes due to nervous system damage. |
| 3. Spasticity (spastic)- | abnormal muscle tone, primarily in antigravity muscles, due to upper motor neuron damage. |
| 1. Aspiration | the presence of food or liquid in the airway below the level of the true vocal folds. |
| 2. Bolus | a term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva. |
| 3. Dysphagia | difficulty swallowing, or an inability to swallow. |
| 4. Gastric tube | a feeding tube that is placed directly into the stomach through an incision in the skin. |
| 5. Intavenous | a needle that is placed into a vein through which liquid nutrition or medication can be given. |
| 6. Modified barium swallow (MBS)- | )- a moving X-ray picture of a swallow. |
| 7. Nasogastric tube | a feeding tube that goes through the nose then the pharynx and into the stomach. |
| 8. Videoendoscopy | the insertion of a flexible scope through the nose to look at the anatomy of the pharynx and to observe the pharynx and larynx before and after swallowing. |
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