| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Malinke | The people who broke away from Ghana control and founded Mali in the 13th century |
| Juula | Malinke merchants that formed partnerships or groups to carry out trade. They spread beyond Mali and throughout western Africa |
| Griots | professional oral historians; advisors to the kings |
| Sundiata | the one son of Mandinka that survived, founded Mali |
| Ibn Batuta | Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records |
| Mansa Musa | this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west africa |
| Timbuktu | a city in central Mali near the Niger river |
| Sunni Ali | created Sunni Dynasty; rule lasted 30 years; many military campaigns/victories; conquered Timbuktu and Djenne, which gave Songhai control of trade; focus on trading empire |
| Muhammad the Great | Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century |
| Hausa | the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages |
| Sharia | the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed |
| Constantinople | Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome. |
| Hagia Sophia | Eastern Orthodox church built in Constantinople |
| Justinian | Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians |
| Belisarius | Byzantine general under Justinian I |
| Bulgaria | a republic in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe |
| Church Split Two Religions | The split in 1054 |
| Cyril and Methodius | missionaries that translated the Greek bible to the Cryllic bible |
| Cyrillic | an alphabet drived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages |
| Jews | followers of judaism |
| Kievan Rus' | first civilization in Russia |
| Vladmir | The ruler of Keiv who made his subjects join him in converting to Byzantine Christianity |
| Russian Orthodox Church | an independent church with its own Patriarch |
| Yaroslav | Vladimir's son became a Grand Prince in A.D. 1019. Under his rule, Kievan culture reached its peak. First library established and legal system organized. |
| Boyars | Russian nobles |
| Tartars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact |
| Manorialism | Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land. |
| Serfs | a person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times |
| Moldboard | wedge formed by the curved part of a steel plow blade that turns the furrow |
| Three-field system | two fields harvesting at one time |
| Monastaries | The centers of stability, scholarship and learning during the upheaval in the West, which led to the Middle Ages |
| Charlemagne | king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor |
| Regional Monarchies | regional kingdom |
| Feudalism | the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th C |
| Vassals | lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity |
| William the Conqueror | duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England |
| Magna Carta | the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215 |
| Parliments | The name given to the law makers |
| Expansionist Impulse | a way of expansion |
| Crusades | a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims |
| Investiture Contraversy | Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV |
| Peter Abelard | Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. |
| Bernard of Clairvaux | Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities. |
| Scholasticism | the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe |
| Thomas Aquinas | (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology |
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