world history age of reason fml
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Age of Reason | A period of time where Europeans believed one could use logic and reasoning to understand the universe and human nature. Included two movements: Scientific Revolution and Age of Enlightenment |
| Characteristics of Ancient Science | Inductive Reasoning, Observation; Galen (pigs, anatomy) and Ptolemy (geocentricity) |
| Characteristics of Medieval Science | Superstition, Magic; Alchemy and Philosopher's Stone |
| Characteristics of Renaissance Science | Skepticism, some observation, some experimentation; Copernicus (Heliocentricity) and daVinci (Scientific Method) |
| The Scientific Revolution | The developement of new systems of investigation. Generalization: Scientific truth can be arrived at through careful observation and experimentation |
| Characteristics of the Scientific Revolution | Doubting everything, scientific method, applying logic and reasoning, technological advancements, natural laws, inductive and deductive reasoning |
| Astronomy | Galileo: innovation of telescope. Kepler: heliocentricity by math |
| Physics | Galileo and Newton: Gravity. LaVoisier: Law of Conservation of Matter |
| Anatomy | Harvey: circuit of blood. Vesalius: human organs. Hooke: cells |
| Chemistry | LaVoisier: cumbustion, named oxygen. Boyle: elements. Priestly: discovered oxygen, but didn't give it a name. DEPHLOGISTICATED AIR |
| The Age of Enlightenment | Period of Europeans applying the scientific method to explain human nature |
| Reason: Rationalism | Belief: Universal truth can be arrived at by the application of reason and logical thinking |
| Natural Law: Universal Moral Law | Belief: Natural law governs human behavior. to live in harmony, humans use reason; one must use reason to discover natural law |
| Progress through challenge and education | Belief: the entire human race can be educated to achieve nearly infinite improvements and is innately good |
| Philosphes | Philosophers, social scientists, social critics |
| Encyclope/die | Edited by Diderot; written in 1751-1777, revised in 1780. 28 volumes, 300 illustrations, critical of the church and government, included all known science, technology, and history |
| Salons | Located in Paris. Comprised of wealthy patrons to exchange ideas, gatherings of philosophers, the social, political, and cultural elite. |
| Diests | Religious Philosophical movement. Denounced organized religion cause it exploited people's ignorance and superstitions. Attempted to construct more natural religion based on reason and natural law. Believed in God and morality. No on religious help religious truth, promoted religious tolerance. |
| Enlightened Despots | Ruled according to Principals of Enlightenment. Ex: In Russion, Frederick II: "I am the first servant of the State". Maria Theresa and son Joseph II: educated, rights to people, etc. |
| Opposite of Enlightened Despots: | Louis XIV: "I am the state" |
| Physiocrats | Economic Philosophes. reacted to the strictness of mercantilism. Promoted laissez-faire |
| Philosophical Revolution | SEE PHILOSOPHICAL REVOLUTION HANDOUT |
| Diderot | Wrote l'Encyclopedie |
| Bacon | Opposite of Descartes. Applied scientific method to man. Empirical knowledge: knowledge gained through senses. Inductive reasoning: synthesis |
| Descartes | opposite of Bacon. rationalist, truth must be reached through reason. "DOUBT EVERYTHING until one's own thoughts proved existence" "I THINK, THEREFORE I AM". |
| Descarte's view on reality | 2 kinds: mind-belonged to man alone, we're machines with minds. matter-based on physical laws. |
| Locke | opposite of Hobbes. contract b/w people and ruler: believed man started out good. Used natural to argue against absolutism. People had the right to overthrow gov't if it doesnt uphold their natural rights. MEN HAVE THE RIGHT TO LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY |
| Hobbes | Opposite of Locke. wrote Leviathan. believed man was violent and disorderly, used natural law to argue in favor of absolutism. people and gov't form contract to give up freedom and live obediently under a ruler. people don't have the right to rebel |
| Montesquieu | Political Philosopher, Separation og gov't into three branches. stressed individual rights |
| Voltaire | diest, mocked church and royal court of France. wrote Candide, defender of freedom of speech: "I disapprove of what you say but will defend to the death your right to say it" |
| Rousseau | Opposite of Enlightenment. Man is good, society is evil. man is corrupted by education, env, and laws. favored emotions, not reason. wrote The Social Contract: favored popular sovereignty. social contract exists between and among people. |
| Vesalius | careful dissections of human body, founded the science of anatomy. On the Fabric of the Human Body |
| Galileo | improved the telescope, observations of heavens confirmed the Copernican theory |
| Kepler | determined that the planets follow an elliptical orbit around the sun |
| Harvey | Circulation of blood |
| Boyle | law of gases |
| Leeuwenhoek | Perfected microscopes |
| Newton | law of gravitation; Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, or Principia |
| Hooke | cells |
| LaVoisier | law, identifies hydrogen. Father of Modern Chemistry |
| Priestly | Isolated dephlogisticated air. Phlogistan theory. |
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